语法专题第一部分.docx

考点一 动词的时态和语态.语法填空考点聚焦考向1一般时的主动语态1However，it stayed with her and learned about the ways of the forest.Then，after two and a half years，the mother (drive) the young panda away.(2016四川)答案drove解析考查时态。文章叙述了熊猫妈妈对孩子的照顾，用了一般过去时，空格处也需用一般过去时且为主动形式，故用drive的过去式drove。2This cycle (go) day after day：The walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night and are thus always a timely offset(抵消) for the outside temperatures.(2015全国)答案goes解析此处指这种循环日复一日地不断持续下去，由冒号后内容的时态可知这种情况是客观事实，故用一般现在时态。考向2被动语态1So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the notforprofit Panda Base，where ticket money helps pay for research.I (allow) to get up close to these cute animals at the 600acre centre.(2016全国)答案was allowed解析考查时态和被动语态。根据语境及allow sb.to do sth.这一用法可知，此处要用一般过去时的被动语态形式。2Truly elegant chopsticks might (make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters.(2016全国)答案be made解析根据句意筷子是被制造的。此处为含有情态动词的被动语态might be done。3The giant panda (love) by people throughout the world.(2016四川)答案is loved解析考查时态和被动语态。大熊猫为世界各地的人们所喜爱是个客观事实，故用一般现在时；panda与love之间是被动关系，所以用被动语态。故填is loved。.短文改错考点聚焦(每小题1处错误)考向1文中前后时态不一致1It is always crowded with customers at meal times.Some people even to wait outside.My uncle tells me that.(2016全国)解析根据上下文语境可知此处要用一般现在时。2I that it is a good idea.It does not cost much，yet we can still learn a lot.(2016全国)解析考查一般现在时的用法。我认为这是一个好主意。根据上下文可知，此处并不是过去的看法，而是现在的看法。3However，my parents didnt seem to think so.They always me what to do and how to do it.(2016全国)解析根据上下文可知此处应用一般过去时态。4While they ，my father would lift my sister and me up to sit on the top of the fridge.(2016浙江)解析根据主句内容my father would lift my sister 可知while引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时。故chat改成chatted。5Dad and I planned to do something on Mothers Day.We up early in the morning.Dad cleaned the house，and then went shopping.(2016四川)解析由前句中的planned和后句中的cleaned，went可知此处用一般过去时。考向2谓语动词的结构形式错误1Lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already become a very serious problem.(2015全国)解析studies与show之间为主动关系，所以删除been。2A woman saw him crying and him to wait outside the shop.(2015全国)解析句子的主语为A woman，谓语为saw，crying为宾补，and连接的是两个谓语，而不是两个宾补，所以telling改为told。3Tony was scared and to cry.(2015全国)解析was scared 与 begun是由and连接的两个并列谓语，由was scared可知应用一般过去时，begin的过去式是began，begun是其过去分词，所以begun改为began。考点二非谓语动词.语法填空考点聚焦考向1作定语1But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid1980s，when I was the first Western TV reporter (permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.(2016全国)答案permitted解析因为句中已有谓语动词was，故此处要用非谓语动词形式。因permit与reporter之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，所以用过去分词形式作后置定语。2For 25 days，she never left her baby，not even to find something (eat)！(2016四川)答案to eat解析不定式to eat作定语，修饰前面的不定代词something。句意为：25天中，她寸步不离她的孩子，甚至不去找东西吃！3Abercrombie&Kent，a travel company in Hong Kong，says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people (live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.(2015全国)答案living解析句中已有谓语动词arranges，故应考虑此处填非谓语动词。由于live与其所修饰的名词people之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，故用表示主动意义的现在分词形式。考向2作主语、宾语(补足语)或表语1My ambassadorial duties will include (introduce) British visitors to the 120plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research centre in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.(2016全国)答案introducing解析由句子结构可知，include后缺宾语，而include后需跟动名词作宾语。2It took years of work (reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water.(2014新课标全国)答案to reduce解析句中it是形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式，该句结构为It takes时间to do sth.。3In addition to their simple beauty，what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability to “air condition” a house without (use) electric equipment.(2015全国)答案using解析介词without之后的动词要用动名词形式。4I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver，but he refused (1) (stop) until we reached the next stop.Still，the boy kept (2) (ride)(2014新课标全国)答案(1)to stop(2)riding解析(1)refuse后接动词作宾语时，要用其不定式形式，即refuse to do sth.“拒绝做某事”。(2)keep后接动名词作宾语，意为“继续做某事”。故填riding。5One morning，I was waiting at the bus stop，worried about (be) late for school.(2014新课标全国)答案being解析空格前面是介词about，后面的动词应使用v.ing形式，因此应填being。考向3作状语1Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal (create) special designs.(2016全国)答案to create解析考查动词不定式作目的状语。句中已有谓语combine，故此处应考虑填非谓语动词，combine various hardwoods and metal的目的是to create special designs，故填动词不定式。2The Chinese have used chopsticks for five thousand years.People probably cooked their food in large pots， (use) twigs(树枝) to remove it.(2016全国)答案using解析考查现在分词作方式状语。句中已有谓语cooked，且无其他连接词，use与主句主语存在主动关系，故填现在分词形式作方式状语。考向4祈使句及其他固定句式结构1It could be anythinggardening，cooking，music，sportsbut whatever it is， (make) sure its a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about.(2016全国)答案make解析根据句子结构可知，此处为祈使句，故谓语要用动词原形。2If you find something you love doing outside of the office，youll be less likely (bring) your work home.(2016全国)答案to bring解析固定表达be likely to do.很可能做某事。3When a new day breaks，the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough (cool) the house during the hot day；at the same time，they warm up again for the night.(2015全国)答案to cool解析“形容词enough动词不定式”为一常用句式。.短文改错考点聚焦(每小题1处错误)考向1主动与被动的混用Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables and high quality oil are for cooking.(2016全国)解析考查被动语态。fresh vegetables and high quality oil与use之间为被动关系。be used for被用于。考向2形容词化的现在分词与过去分词之间的混用1It was both and frightening to be up there！(2016浙江)解析it为这句话的形式主语，真正的主语是to be up there，主语是物的时候，表语应该用现在分词形式的形容词。故excited改成exciting。2Mom was grateful and .(2016四川)解析主语是Mom，故用ed形容词作表语。考向3固定结构以及平行结构中非谓语动词的形式错误1I showed them I was independent by strange clothes.(2016全国)解析此处用动名词作介词by的宾语。2He would ask who we were and pretend not to us.(2016浙江)解析pretend后面接不定式作宾语，这里是否定式pretend not to do。故knowing改成know。3We can choose between staying at home and a trip.(2016全国)解析此处为between.and.结构，根据前面的staying at home可知，此处也要用动名词形式，与前面保持一致。4The position of the classroom with its view made me like I was dreaming.(2015浙江)解析make后跟复合宾语，当宾补为动词且与宾语之间为逻辑上的主谓关系时，用动词原形。5I enjoyed close to the windows and looking at the view.(2015浙江)解析动词enjoy后要接动名词作宾语。6Its been a month since I came to this new school and I really want share with you some of the problems I have been experiencing.(2015四川)解析want后跟带to的不定式作宾语。7Weve been spending a lot of time in karaoke bars.(2015四川)解析spend some time (in) doing sth.花费时间做某事。8I might have to retire again next year just get some more of these biscuits.(2015陕西)解析句意为：我也许明年得再退休一次，只是为了能得到更多的饼干。故此处用动词不定式表示目的。9My favorite picture at the party is of my coach and me the biscuits with happy laughter！(2015陕西)解析分析句子结构可知，本句谓语动词是is，enjoy所表示的动作用来说明my coach and me的状态，且它们之间是主动关系，故用现在分词形式。10. tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner，which might not be served until 8 oclock at night.(2013新课标全国)解析分析句式结构可知句子的主语应为Have tea in the late afternoon这部分，动词原形不能作句子的主语，所以应该用动名词形式作主语。考点三情态动词和虚拟语气.语法填空考点聚焦考向1常见情态动词Mum：Are they there? Oh，my goodness.I have put them in there when the phone rang.(2014新课标全国样卷)答案must解析动词原形前常跟情态动词或助动词。根据句意，是对过去发生的动作的最有把握的猜测，故肯定句中用must have done形式。.短文改错考点聚焦(每小题1处错误)考向1情态动词后动词形式的错用1Then he and my mother would have had a drink while she prepared dinner and they would talk about his day and hers.(2016浙江)解析考查情态动词基本用法。根据语境知，此处是描述的过去的一种习惯，故用would do表示“过去常常做”。would have done表示对过去事情的假设，意思是“本来会做”。2We must ways to protect our environment.(2015全国)解析情态动词后面要接动词原形。考向2虚拟语气中情态动词或谓语动词形式的错用1Some classmates suggest we can或 go to places of interest nearby.(2016全国)解析考查虚拟语气。suggest表示“建议”时，后面的宾语从句的谓语动词要用should do形式，should可以省略，故答案有两种改法。2If you me，would you talk to them？(2015四川)解析此处是虚拟语气，表示与现在情况相反，所以要把are改为were。一、动词在语法填空中的考查在语法填空中，动词的考查主要考虑时态、语态、非谓语动词、语气、主谓一致等。近三年全国卷最常考的谓语动词是一般过去时或者主语是第三人称单数的一般现在时，并会涉及到主谓一致与虚拟语气的考查，情态动词还未考过；被动语态常会涉及一般现在时或一般过去时的被动语态；而非谓语动词主要考查其基本形式：to do(即to原形)，doing(即ing形式)，done(即ed形式)。应对策略1句中若缺少谓语，注意要考虑所给动词的时态和语态。(1)判断时态首先要确定时间，然后根据动作发生的状态来判断应该运用哪种时态。有时也可以根据空格后和该句中已经存在的谓语动词的并列关系来确定时态。(2)句中缺少谓语，且与主语存在被动关系，考虑根据时间和动作存在的方式，确定相应时态的被动语态。注意：只有及物动词才有被动语态。2如果句中已有谓语动词，并确定所给动词要填写为非谓语动词，就要考虑是v.ing形式、过去分词形式还是动词不定式。分析非谓语动词在句中作何成分，再根据各非谓语动词特点确定填哪种形式。(1)对于不定式的考查，需注意不定式的时态和语态，熟记常考跟不定式作宾语的动词以及一些常考句式。(2)现在分词作状语，表示自然而然的结果或伴随，且与句子主语构成逻辑上的主动关系。另外，现在分词的一般式作状语，往往表示动作与谓语动词同时或相继发生；现在分词的完成式作时间状语，往往表示动作先于谓语动词发生。现在分词作定语表示动作的主动或正在进行；动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的或习惯性动作；此外，应熟记能用动名词作宾语的动词或动词短语。(3)过去分词可作状语、定语或补语，表示被动与完成；若作表语常考的为形容词性化的过去分词；过去分词不可作主语或宾语。(4)独立主格和with复合结构的非谓语动词要考虑与复合宾语的逻辑关系。3对于情态动词在语法填空中的考查，主要注意情态动词的一般用法以及“情态动词have done”；而对于虚拟语气的考查除了注意情态动词的选用，还需注意一般过去时与过去完成时在虚拟语气中的考查。二、动词在短文改错中的考查短文改错中对于谓语动词的考查点常会涉及到考查上下文时态不一致、被动语态漏掉be或过去分词拼写错误，句中出现多个谓语动词且无连词的错误；非谓语动词形式错误常会涉及本该用不定式或动名词却用了原形，不定式符号to的多用或少用也常考，在介词或某些动词后本应接动名词的却用了原形、本应用现在分词的却用了过去分词等。情态动词与虚拟语气在短文改错中的考查常涉及情态动词后的动词形式错误或be动词遗漏，情态动词混用或虚拟语气中情态动词以及时态的错用。应对策略做动词类改错题时，需注意以下几个方面：1判断一般现在时与一般过去时是否错用；2and，but，so，or等并列连词前后的时态是否一致；3除了时态，还要注意主谓是否一致；4看是否考查虚拟语气；5看谓语部分是否缺少动词，特别是be动词；6看动词的形式是否正确，尤其是第三人称单数形式是否错用；7看主动语态和被动语态是否错用；8作主语或宾语不能用动词原形，通常改为ing形式或不定式。因在短文改错中，只能改一个词，如果主语是原形，就只能改为ing形式了；9熟记其后只能接ing或只能接to do作宾语的动词；10介词后要用动词的ing形式。注意区分to是介词还是不定式符号；11熟记一些固定短语或句式中的非谓语动词形式；12根据非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系来确定用ing形式还是用ed形式；13别混淆谓语动词与非谓语动词；14看句中情态动词是否运用正确；15看是否考查虚拟语气；若是考查虚拟语气，注意分清主句与分句中的时态关系以及不同句式中的虚拟语气构成形式。专题1动词的时态和语态动词的时态和语态的形式现在过去将来过去将来主动被动主动被动主动被动主动被动一般do/doesam/is/are donedidwas/were doneshall/will doshall/will be doneshould/would doshould/would be done进行am/is/are doingam/is/are being donewas/were doingwas/were being doneshall/will be doingshall/will be being doneshould/would be doingshould/would be being done完成have/has donehave/has been donehad donehad been doneshall/will have doneshall/will have been doneshould/would have doneshould/would have been done完成进行have/has been doing had been doingshall/will have been doingshould/would have been doing动词时态的核心考点1一般现在时考点分析(1)表示客观事实或普遍真理(不受时态限制)。Time and tide wait for no man.(2)表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。Ice feels cold.These oranges taste good.They always care for each other and help each other.(3)表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时，如see，hear，smell，taste，feel，notice，agree，believe，like，hate，want，think，belong to，seem等。He likes his bike.All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.(4)在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。Ill write to her when I have time.(5)少数用于表示起止或转移等的动词如come，go，leave，arrive，fly，return，start，begin，open，close，end，stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。当be表示根据时间或事先安排肯定会出现的状态时，只用一般现在时。The shop closes at 11：00 pm.every day.Tomorrow is Wednesday.2一般过去时考点分析(1)一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去的具体时间状语连用(或有上下文语境暗示)；用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事。We met her in the street yesterday.When he was young，he took cold baths regularly.I didnt expect to see you studying at the library.(2)如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但从句中的谓语动词仍用过去时。He told me he read an interesting novel last night.(3)表示两个紧接着发生的动作，由以下词语连接，常用一般过去时。如：but，and，when，as soon as，immediately，the moment，the minute等。He bought a watch but lost it.The moment she came in，she told me what had happened to her.(4)常用一般过去时的句型。Why didnt you think of that?I didnt notice it.I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.I didnt recognize him.3一般将来时考点分析(1)表示未来的动作或状态，常用will/shall动词原形，常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如：tomorrow，next week等。We will have a meeting tomorrow.Well die without air or water.(2)表示趋向行为的动词如come，go，start，begin，leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。The students are leaving on Sunday.(3)一般将来时的其他表达方式be going to do，be to do，be about to do的用法及区别：be going to在口语中常用来表示已经决定或安排要做的事、必然或很可能发生的事，也可用来表示自然现象。The railway is going to be open on October 1st.be to do表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、可能性等。A meeting is to be held at 3：00 oclock this afternoon.Youre to be back before five oclock.be about to do表示“即将，正要”，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。Autumn harvest is about to start.注意：be going to do表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；shall/will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。be going to表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will则能，表意愿。If it is fine，well go fishing.If it is fine，we are going to go fishing.4现在进行时考点分析(1)表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是讲话时正在进行的动作；表示近期特定的安排或计划；go，come等表示移动的动词可用进行时代替将来时；与always，often等频度副词连用，表示经常反复的行为或某种感情色彩。He is working on a paper.She is teaching English and learning Chinese.I am meeting Mr.Wang tonight.We are leaving on Friday.The girl is always talking loud in public.(2)下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。表示心理状态、情感的动词：like，love，hate，care，remember，believe，want，mind，wish，agree，mean，need等。表示存在状态的动词：appear，exist，lie，remain，seem，belong to等。表示行为结果的动词：allow，accept，permit，promise，admit，complete等。表示感官的动词：see，hear，notice，feel，smell，sound，taste，look等。5过去完成时考点分析(1)常用过去完成时的几种情况。在by，by the end of，by the time，until，before，since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句的句子中。By the end of last year，we had produced 20,000 cars.The train had left before we reached the station.表示未曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等，常用had hoped/planned/meant/intended/thought/wanted/expected等或用上述动词的过去式接不定式的完成式，即：hoped/planned.to have done。We had planned to finish the work before dark，but we were held up by a heavy rain.“时间名词before”在句中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去时。He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before.Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.在hardly/scarcely.when.，no sooner.than.句式中，主句常用过去完成时，表示“一就”。当hardly，scarcely，no sooner置于句首时，其后要用部分倒装。We had no sooner been seated than the bus started.No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.(2)在before或after引导的时间状语从句中可用一般过去时代替过去完成时。After he (had) left the room，the boss came in.We arrived home before it snowed.6过去将来时考点分析过去将来时表示从过去的观点来预计以后要发生的动作或存在的状态，这种时态常用于宾语从句中，主句常是一般过去时。He always said that he would study hard at that time.7过去进行时考点分析过去进行时表示在过去某个时刻正在进行的动作或存在的状态。He was reading an interesting book this time yesterday.8现在完成时考点分析(1)现在完成时除可以和for，since引导的状语连用外，还可以和下面的介词短语连用：during/in/over the last(past) few years(months，weeks.)，in recent years，so far，up to now等。(2)下列句型中常用现在完成时。It is(has been)一段时间since从句This(That/It) is the first(second.) time that现在完成时This(That/It) is the best/finest/most interesting.that现在完成时(3)在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替将来完成时。I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.If you have done the experiment，you will realize the theory better.Dont get off the bus until it has stopped.9注意几组时态的区别(1)一般过去时与现在完成时：时间上有差异：凡含有过去时间的，如ago，last year，just now，the other day等均用一般过去时，不能用现在完成时。结果上有差异：现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果，动作到现在刚完成或还在继续；一般过去时强调的是动作发生在“过去”，和现在毫