2022年人教版新课标选修第四单元精讲讲义.docx

_归纳总结汇总_ - - - - - - - - - 选修 7 第 4 单元. 要点导读1. Sometimes I wonder how relevant chemistry is to the kids, most of whom will be going back to their villages after Year 8. P29 relevant adj.“ 紧密相关的”eg: Do you have any relevant experience. 与 to 连用,意为“ 和 有关”eg: The film was relevant to what was being discussed in class. 反义词为 irrelevant,意为“与某事物 不相关的；不切题的”eg: What you said is irrelevant to the subject. relevance n.“ 相关；切题”eg: What you wrote has no relevance to the topic. 2. The hut was dark inside so it took time for our eyes to adjust. P30 adjust vi.“ 适应” ,常和 to 连用 eg: Astronauts in flight must adjust to weightlessness. vt.“ 调整；使适应”eg: You can t see through a telescope unless it is adjusted correctly to your sight. 3. It was such a privilege to have spent a day with Tombes family. P30 privilege 1 n.“ 特殊优待；优惠待遇”,通常用作单数；此外,仍有“ 特权” 的意思；eg: It s a privilege for the old to take the city buses for free. In some countries school education is still a privilege for the children from rich families. 2 v.“ 赐予特权；特殊优待”eg: These are policies that privilege the club members. privileged adj .“ 有特权的；荣幸的”eg: The right to vote still belongs to the privileged people in that country. 4. Sleeping arrangements P31 arrangement n.C “ 支配；筹备” ； make arrangements for“ 为 做好预备”eg: They are busy making arrangements for the party. come to an arrangement“ 达成一样”arrange v.“ 支配；筹备；整理”,它后面既可跟名词、代词、动词不定式或从句,也可和for 搭配,构成短语arrange for sth“ 支配某物”eg: Our manager has arranged for a car to meet the clients. They were too busy to arrange their own wedding ceremony. The police are arranging how to make the president get to the airport safely. 5. When you purchase an item, we will send you an attractive card for you to send to your special person. P33 purchase 1 vt.“ 购买”eg: The books can be purchased from the local bookstore. 2 n.“ 购买”U 指“ 购买” 这个动作时 eg: I hope you will be satisfied with your purchase here. C “ 买某样东西”eg: Mother made several purchases in that shop. 6. Adults develop the confidence to participate in the social, economic and political lives of their communities. P34 participatevi.“ 参与；参与” ,常跟 in 连用eg: I didn t want to participate in the boring discussion. 辨析： participate, join 与 take part in 的区分：participate 指在感情、观念或行为方面与他人共同参与某一活动；join 既可指参与一群人的活动,也可指加入某个组织,成为其中的一员,常见的搭配为：join the army / club / Party,表示参加某一活动经常用join in sth ；take part in 指参与某一活动并发挥作用；7. Imagine you and your classmates want to donate some of your pocket money to help those in need in another country. P34 donatev.“ 捐赠；捐献”；donate sth to “ 向 捐献某物”eg: The passers-by were asked to donate some money to the people in the flooded area. donation n.“ 捐赠；捐赠品”eg: She made a donation of 10,000 dollars to charity. 8. The boy had never come across anything like this and started jumping out of the windows. P29 come across“ 碰见；遇见”eg: I came across him in the street. I came across a child sleeping under the bridge. come around / round“ 前来；清醒过来”eg: Luckily, the boy cane around quickly after the accident. come between“ 在 中间来；干预 某两人之间的事 ”eg: It is often dangerous and never wise to come between a man and his wife. come out“ 开花；出版”eg: When is her new novel coming out. 1 _精品资料_ - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 6 页_归纳总结汇总_ - - - - - - - - - come about“ 发生； 风等 转变方向” ； come after“ 追逐；追随”； come at“ 突击；达到”9. , a low bamboo hut with grass sticking out of the roof this shows it s a mans house. P29 stick out “ 伸出”eg: The beggar stuck out his hand toward us. “ 醒目；惹眼；引人注目”eg: She has red hair that always sticks out in a crowd. stick out of “ 从 伸出”eg: The paper was sticking out of his pocket. stick sth out “ 坚持究竟；忍耐下去”eg: She didn t like the course but she stuck it out to get the certificate. 10. I know you re dying to hear about my life here. P29 be dying to “ 极想 ”eg: All of them are dying to see the movie this evening. be anxious to“ 期望；特别期望”eg: She was anxious to get a job after graduation. be eager to“ 期望；渴求”eg: Everyone in the class was eager to learn. 11. It was wonderful to hear from you. P29 hear from “ 收到某人的来信 电话等 ” ,后面接表示人的名词或代词；eg: The mother is worried because she hasn t heard from her daughter for a long time. hear of / about“ 听说”eg: I have heard of the famous film star but never met her before. hear sb out“ 听某人把话说完”eg: Please hear me out before you do anything. 12. Choose from this catalogue a really useful gift for some of the world s poorest and bring hope for a better future to a community in need. P33 in need“ 在困难 / 危险中”eg: You should give your help to someone in need. in need of“ 需要” ,作表语 eg: According to the survey, that area is in great need of volunteers. There is no need for sb to do sth“ 对某人来说没必要做某事”eg: There is no need for you to earn so much money. . 热点语法：限制性定语从句一、关联词的基本用法1、 who / that 指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时可省略；eg: Mr. Blacksmith who / that comes from the USA teaches us English. 2、 whom 指人,在定语从句中作宾语,可省略；eg: The boy whom he spoke of in his talk was Tom. 3、 which / that 指物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时可省略；eg: Football is a game which / that is always popular with boys. The pen that / which I bought yesterday was lost. 4、 whose 可指人或物,在定语从句中作定语；eg: I live in the room whose windows face south. 留意 ：“ whose + 名词” 可以转换成“the + 名词+ of which 指物 / whom 指人 ” 的结构；eg: The girl whose hair is red is Mary. = The girl, the hair of whom is red, is Mary. 5、 when 指时间, where 指地点, why 指缘由,三者都在定语从句中作状语,可以转化为“ 介词+ which ” 的形式,但是why只能转化为“for which ” 的形式；eg: I paid a visit to the factory where / in which I worked ten years ago. 二、限制性定语从句中只用 that 的情形1、当先行词是 everything, nothing, something,all ,none,few, little ,some,any 等词时,或先行词被 every,little , a little ,few, much,any, all 等词修饰时；eg: There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 2、当先行词被序数词、形容词最高级或 the very,the only 等词修饰时；eg: The first place that I visited in Beijing was the Forbidden City. 3、当先行词既有人又有物时；eg: They are talking about the things and the persons that they met yesterday. 4、当主句是以who, which 开头的特殊疑问句或先行词是who 时；eg: Who is the man that is lying under the tree. 2 _精品资料_ - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 6 页_归纳总结汇总_ - - - - - - - - - 三、 what 与 that 的挑选what 相当于 the thing / place that / which ,the person who 等,而 that 只用来指代先行词,只在定语从句中充当一个成分,所 以,假如所填或所挑选的词需要作两个成分,一般挑选 what；eg: They reached what the local people called the Golden Gate. what = the place that He is no longer what he used to be ten years ago. what = the person who 四、定语从句中的主谓一样当关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的数原就上要与先行词保持一样,但是要留意以下几点：1、 one of + 复数名词+ 关系代词+ 复数动词；eg: He is one of the students who have got great success in physics. 2、 the / the only one of + 复数名词+ 关系代词+ 动词第三人称单数形式；eg: He is the only one of the students who has got great success in physics. 3、 as / which 引导非限制性定语,代表整个主句时,从句谓语用动词第三人称单数形式；eg: He decides to get married, which makes his parents very happy. 语法聚焦1. We will be shown around the city: schools, museums, and some other places, A. what B. which C. where D. when other visitors seldom go. 2. Alec asked the policeman he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident. A. with him B. who C. with whom D. whom 3. Do you still remember the chicken farm we visited three years ago. A. where B. when C. that D. what 4. There were dirty marks on her trousers she had wiped her hands. A. where B. which C. when D. that 5. American women usually identify their best friend as someone they can talk frequently. A. who B. as C. about whom D. with whom 6. There was time I hated to go school. A. a; that B. a; when C. the; that D. the; when 7. What surprised me was not what he said but he said it. A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which 8. Hes got himself into a dangerous situation he is likely to control over the plane. A. where B. which C. this D. who 9. I work in a business almost everyone is waiting for a great chance. A. how B. which C. where D. that 10. -Is that the small town you often refer to. -Right, just the one you know I used to work for years. A. that B. which C. where D. what . 综合训练一、单项挑选1. There are few occasions members are uncertain about their roles. A. when B. whose C. why D. which 2. He is rich, but an unhappy man. A. or B. otherwise C. however D. then 3. Many rivers in this area have dried recently. A. up B. out C. off D. at 4. I haven t heard Peter since we left school, though I have written many letters to him. A. of B. about C. / D. from 5. He didn t know how to the new system. 3 _精品资料_ - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 6 页_归纳总结汇总_ - - - - - - - - - A. do B. make C. operate D. take 6. Many children quit school because their families are and can t afford their schooling. A. in danger B. in need C. in despair D. in place 7. The little girl made some in the supermarket with the money she had saved. A. bills B. sales C. purchases D. discounts 8. Make sure that everything you write is to the questions you have been asked. A. concerned B. dependent C. connecting D. relevant 9. The woman was to hear the news of her lost child and she almost went mad. A. cautious B. annoyed C. scared D. dying 10. My new camera can be to take pictures in both cloudy and sunny conditions. A. adapted B. adjusted C. adopted D. remedied 11. Athletes from all over the world the Beijing 2022 Olympic Games. A. join B. participate in C. participate D. attend 12. If most bread-winners a days pay to the Hope Project, then many dropouts can return to school. A. bring B. take C. donate D. have 13. Doctors are concerned that the children too much time in front of the TV don t get enough exercise. A. those spend B. who spend C. to spend D. spend 14. There are many things in different areas we can do. A. where B. there C. what D. that15. 15. Lets just read the sentence you ve made a mistake. A. that B. which C. when D. where 二、完形填空Each of us fails from time to time. If we are wise, we accept these failures as a 16 part of the learning process. But all too often as parents and teachers we 17 the same right to our children. When I see a child 18 from this kind of pressure, I think of Donnie. Donnie was my youngest third-grader. His 19 of failure kept him from classroom games that other children enjoyed. He 20 answered questions he was afraid he might be wrong. I tried my best to build his 21 . But nothing changed until midterm, when Mary Anne, a student teacher, was assigned to our classroom. She was young and pretty, and she loved children. My pupils, Donnie included, all 22 her very much. One morning, we were working on math problems at the blackboard. Donnie had 23 the problems with pains-taking tidiness. Pleased with his progress, I 24 the children with Mary Anne and went for art materials. When I returned, Donnie was in 25 . He d missed the third problem. My student teacher looked at me in despair. Suddenly her face pencils. 26 . From the desk we shared, she got a container filled with “Look, Donnie, ” she said, kneeling beside him and gently 27 the tear-stained 弄脏的 face from his arms. “ I ve got something to 28 you.” She removed the pencils, one at a time, and placed them on his desk. “See these 29 , Donnie, ” she continued. “They belong to Mrs Lindstrom and me. See how the erasers are 30 . Thats because we make mistakes too. But we erase the mistakes and try again. That s what you 31 learn to do, to.”She kissed him and stood up. “Here,” she said. “ I ll leave one of these pencils on 32 desk so you ll remember that everybody makes mistakes, 33 teachers.” Donnie looked up with love in his eyes. The 34 became Donnies prized possession. That, together with Mary Anne s frequent encouragement, gradually 35 him that its all right to make mistakes as long as you erase them and try again. 16. A. small B. basic C. necessary D. important 17. A. give B. disallow C. offer D. permit 18. A. come B. take C. fall D. suffer 19. A. fear B. lesson C. chance D. sense 20. A. always B. often C. never D. seldom 21. A. self-protection B. self-improvement C. self-confidence D. self-learning 4 _精品资料_ - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 6 页_归纳总结汇总_ - - - - - - - - - 22. A. respected B. disliked C. avoided D. minded 23. A. worked out B. written down C. gone over D. learned 24. A. left B. offered C. missed D. parted 25. A. surprise B. astonishment C. anger D. tears 26. A. darkened B. brightened C. pulled D. loosened 27. A. lifting B. picking C. holding D. pushing 28. A. help B. show C. reward D. promise 29. A. pencils B. mistakes C. marks D. containers 30. A. used B. built C. worn D. damaged 31. A. may B. must C. ought to D. can 32. A. my B. someones C. the teachers D. your 33. A. still B. also C. even D. not 34. A. pencil B. words C. mistake D. desk 35. A. warned B. informed C. persuaded D. reminded 三、阅读懂得Because of a serious car accident that tore my upper lip when I was three and a half I had a scar 伤疤 below my nose. Some insensitive children called me Chief Running Nose and Scarface, and my confidence and self-esteem 自尊心 suffered. Although my parents and relatives said I was pretty, I didnt see myself that way. I could think of nothing but my scar, and take pleasure in nothing. One day, after school, I remained in my classroom, waiting for my mother. Miss Pratt was chatting at her desk with a fellow teacher. It was time for me get ready to leave. I put on my brown wool coat and hat. The teacher looked at my outfit and seemed to admire it. “Who is she. She is really cute.” My teacher answered, “ I agree. Bernice is adorable.”Adorable. The word grabbed me. A delicious warmth enveloped me, and a new awareness. Teachers would not lie. So maybe it was true. I was pretty. What a surprise. At that moment I decided to be the first in my class to learn the assigned tables would succeed. No one was going to stop me. This time I believed in myself. 乘法表 . Whatever it took, no matter how long, I About a week later, Miss Pratt announced to the class that I was the first one to learn the tables, and said she was proud of me. She handed me a gold key to be confident. I thanked her enthusiastically. The class smiled and clapped. For the first time, I felt truly good about myself. I knew I had been encouraged by Miss Pratt s remark