2022届高考英语二轮复习阅读理解ppt课件 .ppt

阅读理解考纲解读 一、考纲解读要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等。考生应能：说明、广告等。考生应能：理解主旨和要义；理解主旨和要义；理解文中具体信息；理解文中具体信息；根据上下文推测生词词义；根据上下文推测生词词义；作出判断和推理；作出判断和推理；理解文段的基本逻辑结构；理解文段的基本逻辑结构；理解作者的意图、观点和态度。理解作者的意图、观点和态度。阅读步骤二、阅读步骤二、阅读步骤抓住首尾，掌握大意；题文结合，有的放矢；结构分析，突破难句；对症下药，全面思虑。（明大意，抓题眼，比选项，划出处，析成分，定答案）（明大意，抓题眼，比选项，划出处，析成分，定答案）阅读步骤 1.抓住首尾，掌握大意；抓住首尾，掌握大意；首先，抓住文章的首句，尾句，弄清文章的大意。英语的主旨句一般位于句首或句尾。抓住首尾就可抓住文章主题,快速掌握文章大意。当然个别文章没有主题句,需要考生自己去归纳。阅读步骤 2 2.题文结合题文结合,有的放矢有的放矢其次,认真阅读文章的考题，抓住题目的关键词(题眼),并分析各个选项的异同点。然后以此为线索,运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此相关的段落、语句。对有关信息进行快速定位。针对性的阅读有助于提高做题的准确率。对于广告、演出信息、航班时间表等图表类的题目，可以省略第一步。阅读步骤 3.结构分析，突破难句；结构分析，突破难句；找到对应的语句之后，应该对它（们）进行结构分析，正确理解。长句分析五步骤：一辨动词（词性搭配辨动词）二定谓语（时态语态定谓语）三找主语（前呼后应找主语）四认结构（抓住谓语认结构）五明主次（认清连词明主次）4.4.对症下药，全面思虑对症下药，全面思虑最后，根据题目类型及选项，初步确定答案。全部解答完了，还得再验证。要把握不同体裁文章的特点,如记叙文多以人物为中心,以时间或空间为线索,按事情的发生、发展、结局展开故事;议论文则包含论点、论据、论证三大要素,通过解释、举例等来论证论点。阅读步骤一、阅读理解第一节技巧1.主旨大意题设题形式如下设题形式如下：大意类：What is the passage mainly about?Whats the main idea of this passage?The main idea of the passage is.标题类：Whats the best title for the passage?The best title for the passage might be.作者意图类：Whats the writers purpose in writing the passage?The writer wrote the passage in order to_.一、阅读理解第一节技巧第一招：主题定位法解答主旨大意题最常用的方法。主题是文章要表达的中心思想，它是文章的核心及选择标题的依据。英语文章中主题句的位置通常出现在文首（开门见山型），如新闻报道的“导语”；出现在文尾 （盖棺定论型）；出现在文首，文尾再次出现（首尾呼应型）；出现在中间部分（前呼后应型），即先提出问题，再导出主题，最后进一步解释；出现在文章第二段或第二句（声东击西型），即先引用他人观点，再导出主题。第二招：段章取义法有些英语文章不出现主题句，需要根据内容（多次出现的词语高频词）归纳段落大意或中心思想。干扰项特点：以偏概全，扩缩概念，具体绝对，貌合神离（断章取义、无中生有）正选项特点：简明扼要，正反映称，抽象深刻，形意相通1.主旨大意题一、阅读理解第一节技巧2.细节理解题细节理解题要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解。它们大都是根据文章中的具体信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些则需要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到，比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。常见的命题方式通常有：(1).以when,where,why,whwhat,which,who,how much/many等疑问词引出的问题。(2).以true/false,NOT true/false或true，EXCEPT的形式。(3).以填空题的形式。(4).识图题。(5).排序题。一、阅读理解第一节技巧第三招：扫读法解答此类试题时，可采取扫读法。在对文章大意有所了解后，先阅读问题与选项，抓住关键性词语，快速划出相关的语句、段落，仔细品味，对照比较，确定答案。题目的出处经常在一些重点词语的前后，如 解释词：namely（即，也就是）；likewise（同样的）；in other word（换句话说）；that is to say（那就是说）转折词：but，yet，although，however，in contrast（与之形成对照的是）表示结果的词：thus，as a result，as a consequence 表示递进的词：furthermore，in addition to 表示重要的词：prime（首要的）；above all（最重要的）；first of all 表示举例的词：for example,such as,like 表示附加说明的词，如：by the way,besides,whats more,in addition to,including,as well as等 数字、日期、时间等；题目的出处还经常出现在段首段尾及特殊标点处，如：括号、逗号、冒号、破折号（补充说明），引号（引用和讽刺）；复杂句、倒装句及虚拟语气更是值得关注的地方；有些细节理解题的出处分散在多处地方。在找到相关的语句、段落之后，要根据词义、语法对原句进行分析，特别注意长句分析，适时使用增、删、倒、替，概括判断。解答细节理解题的关键是心细目明，要分清人、物、事及其关系，主动与被动，肯定与否定，部分否定与完全否定，事实与推断，事实与观点，原因与结果，主要原因与次要原因，直接原因与间接原因，必然结果与或然结果等。2.细节理解题一、阅读理解第一节常见的缩写词有：Tel.=telephone number Ph.=phone Add(r).=address co.=company Ltd=LimitedMax=maximum Min=minimum hr=hour t=timefig=figure ft=foot ml=miledoz=dozenMt=Mountain P=pageprof.=professor Dr.=doctors=southn=north w=west Sta=Station pop=popular vs=versusXmas=Christmas info=information hrs=hoursaft=after ad=advertisement p/t=part time exp=experienced PC=personal computer MA=Master of Arts VIP=very important persons BS degree(理学学士学位)干扰项特点：无中生有，文不对题，扩缩概念，虚实交替，张冠李戴，貌合神离正选项特点：改头换面，重义轻形，替换归纳 一、阅读理解第一节技巧第四招：题干定位法即先阅读题目，根据题干有针对性地阅读相关部分快速寻找有效信息。此法适用于查字典、阅读广告、公告、演出海报、车船航班时间表等。第五招：关系确认法理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是解决代词指代题的关键。第六招：文字锁定法按“文”锁“图”，即找出描述图形的句段，迅速锁定相关图形以解决识图题。第七招：首尾定位法即根据选项的首与尾判断事情的发展先后顺序，迅速缩小范围，节省时间，攻克排序题。一、阅读理解第一节技巧3.猜测词义题第八招：语境判断法即利用上下文线索猜测单词、词组、句子的含义。(1)定义法。常见的用于定义、解释或说明的词汇有：mean,refer to,namely,that is to say,that is,deal with,be considered as,be called等。定语（从句）或同位语（从句）也是确定词义的依据；破折号、冒号、括号等标点符号后的内容一般为生词的解释或定义。(2)对比法。表示对比、转折、反义关系的词汇有：unlike,although,but,yet,while,on the contrary,on the other hand,for one thing,for another,instead of,rather than等。(3)相似法。表示同等关系的词汇有：or,like,similarly或同义、近义的单词、词组、句子。(4)举例法。表示举例的词汇有：such as,like,for example,for instance等。(5)因果法。表示因果关系的词汇有：because,so,therefore,thus，as a result，as a consequence，so that,so/such that等。(6)替入法。将所给的选项逐一替入文章中，从而推断单词、词组、句子的含义。1.We can learn from the underlined part that2.The underlined word”it”in paragraph refers to 3.The underlined word/phrase“”in the sentence could be replaced by _.4.The underlined word/phrase/sentence in paragraph implies/refers to/means设题形式一、阅读理解第一节技巧第九招：语法推断法利用构词法（派生、合成）来推测阅读理解中含有熟词的新词的意思。利用构词法（转化）来猜测常见词的意思。常见的前缀有：un-、in-、non-表示“不”，“否定”；dis-（否定，相反）；re-（再，重）。常见的后缀有：A动词后缀1)-ize,ise,表示做成，变成，化“modernize,mechanize,organize2)-en,表示使成为，引起，使有”quicken,weaken,soften,harden3)-fy,表示使化,使成”beautify,purify,intensify,simplifyB名词后缀1)-an,-ain,表示地方的人，精通的人”American,historian2)-ee,表示动作承受者 employee,examinee3)-er,表示从事某种职业的人,某地区，地方的人 banker,observerC形容词后缀-able,-ible,-al,-an等D 副词后缀-ly,-ward,-wards等一、阅读理解第一节技巧第十招：经验推断法即运用逻辑推理能力、自身的生活经验及生活常识去推断生词的含义。干扰项特点：本性难移，文不对题，貌合神离，凭空想象正选项特点：情投意合一、阅读理解第一节技巧4.推理判断题第十一招：正逆推理法解答细节性推断题，应先锁定相关的语句（原文），再进行语法分析以理解其字面意义，然后利用逆向思维或正向推理，同时借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断，最终推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。这类题主要考查学生根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的写作意图、观点、态度，理解文章的寓意，推断文章的出处、前后话题等。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题。这种问题的提问方式通常有：(1)From paragraph 4 we can infer that _./What can be inferred from the passage?/From the last paragraph we can infer that _.(2)What can we learn from?/We can conclude from the passage that_.(3)The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that _.(4)To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should _.(5)The author mentions the fact thatto show_.(6)This passage would most likely be found in_.(7)The authors attitude toward is _.(8)The tone of the passage can best be described_.一、阅读理解第一节技巧5.篇章结构第十二招：结构推断法根据不同文章的内容和写作目的，作者会采取记叙、描写、议论、说明或应用文体。作者也会采用叙述、例证、比较对照等不同的组织结构。归纳段落大意，弄清逻辑关系，理解篇章结构不仅有助于提高阅读质量而且有助于推断出文章的出处及前后话题。设题形式设题形式（1）Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?（2）The article is arranged according to（3）The passage is most likely to be taken from_等。一、阅读理解第一节技巧6.观点态度第十三招：主题推断法要弄清作者的写作意图、观点、态度，常常要纵览全篇，归纳主题思想，再分析句段之间的逻辑关系，区分观点与例证、原因与结果、主观点与次观点，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论。第十四招：语境推断法几乎每篇文章的语境都有一定的褒贬性，这种褒贬性反映了主人公的特定心理和情绪状态及作者的写作意图，抓住文章的语境中褒贬性及变化的标志性词汇或句子是我们正确地进行逻辑推断的保证。第十五招：语气推断法作者的态度、倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不定，对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。常见的问题有What does the author think of?Which of the following reflects the authors opinion?What is the main purpose of the passage?等。一、阅读理解第一节技巧第十六招：排除法阅读理解中有时会有一个与常识相符的选项，照抄原文的选项，含有绝对性词语的选项，可以先将其排除，再对剩下的选项进行筛选。而原文的同义句、反义句常常是正确的选项；正确的选项还经常隐藏在对照鲜明的两个选项中（如抽象与具体，片面与全面，相对于绝对，一语双关，妙用谚语等）第十七招：统筹法做阅读理解时，应该先易后难，全面思虑。第十八招：实践法高考阅读理解虽然题材广泛（学习、生活、社会、科技、经济、文化、人物、传说、环保、政史地、数理化等），体裁多样（记叙文、说明文、议论文、夹叙夹议文、应用文），体现了生活性、时代性、思想性，但题型模式相对稳定，设题方式大同小异。只要大家打好词汇、语法的基础，扩大知识面，讲究策略，探索规律，坚持实践，阅读高分将不再是梦。须知：书上得来终觉浅，绝知此事要躬行！题型解读 二、阅读理解第二节（七选五）阅读理解Is Fresh Air Really Good for You?We all grew up hearing people tell us to“go out and get some fresh air”.36 According to recent studies,the answer is a big YES,if the air quality in your camping area is good.37 If the air youre breathing is cleanwhich it would be if youre away from the smog of citiesthen the air is filled with life-giving,energizing oxygen.If you exercise out of doors,your body will learn to breathe more deeply,allowing even more oxygen to get to your muscles(肌肉)and your brain.Recently,people have begun studying the connection between the natural world and healing(治愈).38 In these places patients can go to be near nature during their recovery.It turns out that just looking at green,growing things can reduce stress,lower blood pressure,and put people into a better mood(情绪).Greenery is good for us.Hospital patients who see tree branches out their window are likely to recover at a faster rate than patients who see buildings or sky instead.39 It gives us a great feeling of peace.40While the suns rays can age and harm our skin,they also give us beneficial Vitamin D.To make sure you get enough Vitamin Dbut still protect your skinput on sunscreen right as you head outside.It takes sunscreen about fifteen minutes to start working,and thats plenty of time for your skin to absorb a days worth of Vitamin D.阅读理解 阅读理解A.Fresh air cleans our lungs.B.So what are you waiting for?C.Being in nature refreshes us.D.Another side benefit of getting fresh air is sunlight.E.But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?F.Just as importantly,we tend to associate fresh air with health care.G.All across the country,recovery centers have begun building Healing Gardens.骤骤解解题题步步1、抓住首尾，掌握大意、抓住首尾，掌握大意（体裁、题材、结构、主旨句）（体裁、题材、结构、主旨句）2、解读选项，厘清逻辑、解读选项，厘清逻辑（关键词、顺序）（关键词、顺序）3、先易后难，逐句代替（、先易后难，逐句代替（关键词、逻辑）关键词、逻辑）4、复读全文，验证仔细（内容、逻辑）、复读全文，验证仔细（内容、逻辑）01真题感知-2019年全国卷1Is Fresh Air Really Good for You?We all grew up hearing people tell us to“go out and get some fresh air”.36 According to recent studies,the answer is a big YES,if the air quality in your camping area is good.37 If the air youre breathing is cleanwhich it would be if youre away from the smog of citiesthen the air is filled with life-giving,energizing oxygen.If you exercise out of doors,your body will learn to breathe more deeply,allowing even more oxygen to get to your muscles(肌肉)and your brain.A.Fresh air cleans our lungs.B.So what are you waiting for?C.Being in nature refreshes us.D.Another side benefit of getting fresh air is sunlight.E.But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?F.Just as importantly,we tend to associate fresh air with health care.G.All across the country,recovery centers have begun building Healing Gardens.段中设空段中设空承上启下承上启下-原词复现原词复现E段首设空段首设空段落主题句段落主题句A01真题感知-2019年全国卷1Recently,people have begun studying the connection between the natural world and healing(治愈).38 In these places patients can go to be near nature during their recovery.It turns out that just looking at green,growing things can reduce stress,lower blood pressure,and put people into a better mood(情绪).Greenery is good for us.Hospital patients who see tree branches out their window are likely to recover at a faster rate than patients who see buildings or sky instead.39 It gives us a great feeling of peace.A.Fresh air cleans our lungs.B.So what are you waiting for?C.Being in nature refreshes us.D.Another side benefit of getting fresh air is sunlight.E.But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?F.Just as importantly,we tend to associate fresh air with health care.G.All across the country,recovery centers have begun building Healing Gardens.段中设空段中设空承上启下承上启下-原词复现原词复现G段中设空段中设空承上启下承上启下-代词线索代词线索C01真题感知-2019年全国卷140While the suns rays can age and harm our skin,they also give us beneficial Vitamin D.To make sure you get enough Vitamin Dbut still protect your skinput on sunscreen right as you head outside.It takes sunscreen about fifteen minutes to start working,and thats plenty of time for your skin to absorb a days worth of Vitamin D.A.Fresh air cleans our lungs.B.So what are you waiting for?C.Being in nature refreshes us.D.Another side benefit of getting fresh air is sunlight.E.But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?F.Just as importantly,we tend to associate fresh air with health care.G.All across the country,recovery centers have begun building Healing Gardens.段首设空段首设空段落主题句段落主题句-词汇同现词汇同现D空格在空格在段首：段落段首：段落_或或_,引出下文引出下文主题句主题句小标题小标题段尾：段尾：_、_（有时是对主题句的进一步阐述）（有时是对主题句的进一步阐述）总结总结得出结论得出结论段中：段中：_承上启下承上启下Tip 1 看文章看文章结构构名词短语或祈使句名词短语或祈使句句间逻辑关系句间逻辑关系Tip 2 索逻辑关系索逻辑关系并列，递进并列，递进转折转折因果因果例证解释例证解释“七选五七选五”解题方法解题方法1.看文章结构看文章结构段首段首:_段尾段尾:_段中段中:_2.找找_ 原词复现原词复现 3.厘厘_关系关系转折关系转折关系并列关系并列关系因果关系因果关系 主题句主题句 结论、总结结论、总结承上启下承上启下 关键词关键词近义词近义词反义词反义词逻辑逻辑Summary03