大学英语四六级作文要点与技巧课件.ppt

大学英语四六级作文要点与技巧六级写作评分标准六级写作评分标准考核学生英语书面表达的能力。时间为30分钟,六级作文的字数要求为不少于150个单词。六级考试作文的出题方式有：命题作文，看图画或图表作文，根据所给文章（英文或中文）写出文章摘要或大意，给出关键词作文等。考试的作文内容为社会、文化或日常生活的一般常识，不涉及知识面过广、专业性太强的内容。对作文的要求是：切题，文理通顺，表达正确，意思连贯，无重大语言错误。六级写作评分六级写作评分原则原则1.CET是检查考生是否达到大学英语教学大纲规定的六级教学要求2.CET作文题采用总体评分（Global Scoring）方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分（Reward Scores）,而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。3.从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体，作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而确切地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。评分评分标准标准1.满分为15分。2.阅卷标准共分五等:2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。3.评分标准：2分：条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。5分：基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。8分：基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。11分：切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误14分：切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。六级写作步骤六级写作步骤审题（2分钟）认真阅读题目，注意要求，涉及个人观点的地方要考虑自己的写作内容。写各段落主题句（5-8分钟）在草稿纸上完成。主题句子必须是本段的核心意思。不一定要完全翻译或直接翻译题目给出的内容或提纲注意各段落之间的衔接。完成全文（15-20分钟）注重开头段落和结尾段落的语法。注意段落内部的衔接（选用合适的关联词，尤其是主题段落）。修改（2分钟）重大语法错误。大小写错误。不要做重大改动。内容-所有句子围绕主题展开，不得跑题结构-三段论（无需别出一格）语言-准确、地道、多变语言多变指的是词汇多样性与句式多样性词汇多样性elaborate,illustrate,expound 替换explain；indicate,reveal,display,demonstrate 替换show；exceedingly,extremely,intensely替换very；an army of/a great many/a host of 替换 a lot of；advancement 替换 development;positive,favorable,promising(有希望的),perfect,pleasurable,excellent,outstanding,superior替换good;give rise to,lead to,result in,trigger 替换cause;harbor the idea that,take the attitude that,hold the view that,替think;beneficial,rewarding替换helpful;bear in mind that 替换remember;句式多样性简单句、并列句、复合句相结合,如下文通篇简单句，句式极为单调，应做出句式调整：Lena and Miles wanted a vacation.They wanted a vacation that was nice.They wanted one that was quiet.They wanted one that was relaxing.They rented a small lakeside cabin.Their first day there was very peaceful.The situation quickly changed.A large family move into a nearby cabin.They played music at top volume.They raced around a speedboat with a loud whining engine.Lena and Miles were no longer ever relaxed.They packed up their things.They drove off.They returned to their apartment.Lena and Miles wanted a vacation that was nice,quiet and relaxing,so they rented a small lakeside cabin.Their first day there was very peaceful,but the situation quickly changed when a large family moved into a nearby cabin.They played music at top volume and raced around in a speedboat with a loud whining engine.Lean and Miles were no longer ever relaxed.Therefore,they packed up their things,drove off and returned to their quiet apartment.近15年的六级考试作文题目：2012.12 Computer and Man 2012.6 The Impact of the Internet on Interpersonal Communication2011.12 The Way to Success2011.6 The Certificate Craze2010.12 My View on University Ranking2010.6 Due Attention Should Be Given To the Study of Chinese 2009.12 Should parents send their kids to art classes?2009.6 On the Importance of a Name 2008.12 How to Improve Students Mental Health?2008.6 Will E-books Replace Traditional Books?2007.6 Should One Expect a Reward When Doing a Good Deed?2007.12 Digital Age 2006.12 The Importance of Reading Classics 2006.6 Traveling Abroad2005.12 A Letter Declining a Job Offer 2005.6 Say No to Pirated Products2004.12 Your Help Needed2004.6 A Letter to the Editor of a Newspaper2003.12 Reduce Waste on Campus 2003.6 Changes in the Ownership of Houses 2002.12 It Pays to Be Honest 2002.6 Student Use of Computers 2002.1 A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus 2001.6 A Letter to a Schoolmate 2001.1 How to Succeed in a Job Interview?2000.6 Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?2000.1 How I Finance My College Education?1999.6 Reading Selectively or Extensively?根据上表我们把这些作文题目分为几类：1.校园生活类2.课余生活类 3.热点话题类4.工作求职类可以看出，校园生活类的题材占总数的50%。这些题材贴近考生的日常校园生活，是考生最为熟悉和了解、也最容易有感而发的话题。六级作文常考文体议论文-考查次数占绝对优势应用文-数次考查书信说明文六级命题方式提纲式-主流图表式情景式论说文的考查类型对立观点型道理论证型问题解决型解释说明型对立观点型对立观点型论说文，顾名思义是就某一事物或现象给出两种对立的观点，将两种观点进行比较，然后表明自己的立场和看法。这类作文的主线是：某一事物或现象其优缺点或有关的正反面观点“我”的态度或看法。其框架也相对固定，三段分别可以这样展开：第一段：第一段：引出有争议的两个观点；第二段：第二段：对两个观点分别进行详细的论述，可以分为两小段进行；第三段：第三段：总结、陈述自己的观点。例：例：Should One Expect a Reward When Doing a Good Deed?（2007年6月六级考试作文真题）Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Should One Expect a Reward When Doing a Good Deed?You should write at least 150 words following the outline given in Chinese below:1.有人做好事期望得到回报；2.有人认为应该像雷锋那样做好事不图回报；3.你的观点。第一段第一段：Nowadays,there is an increasing interest in _.（点明新热点）Therefore,there is a hot debate over _.（切入话题）第二段：第二段：Some people are in favor of the idea of _.（概述一方观点）They believe that _.(详述理由一)They also argue that _.(详述理由二)第三段：第三段：However,other people stand on a different ground.（概述另一方观点）They consider _.(详述理由一)Whats more,they firmly point out that _.（详述理由二）第四段：第四段：There is some truth in both arguments.(双方各有道理)But I think the advantages of _ overweigh the disadvantages.（但是利大于弊）In my opinion,_.（总结自己的观点）【范文】【范文】Should One Expect a Reward When Doing a Good Deed?Nowadays,there is an increasing interest in expecting a reward when doing a good deed.Therefore,a hot debate arises over whether one should perform good deeds for a reward.Some people are in favor of the idea that great deeds deserve recognition and should win public acclaim.They believe that it is extremely important to recognize and promote all kinds of noble deeds.They also argue that rewarding good deeds is an effective way to set inspiring examples to the public and to encourage more good deeds.However,other people hold an opposite viewpoint.They consider that people who perform a real good deed shouldnt expect reward.Respect and acclaim shouldnt be given to people who do good deeds with potential motives.For example,a few entrepreneurs donate to a charity with an aim to getting tax reduction instead of helping others from the bottom of heart.Whats more,they firmly point out that people should perform good deeds like Lei Feng without hoping for any economic or material reward.There is some truth in both arguments.But I think the advantages of expecting a reward when doing a good deed outweigh the disadvantages.In my opinion,although good deeds are supposed to come from spontaneous reaction in face of certain circumstances,doing something good in exchange for rewards is not an offense.It merits respect.I believe that a role model sometimes outweighs a sole good deed.b.道理论证型 道理论证型论说文是对某一事物或现象进行分析和论证。它与对立观点型论说文的最大区别在于前者通常是就某一个明确的观点进行分析和论证，而后者针对两个对立的观点进行对比论证，由作者在最后表明自己的立场。道理论证型论说文一般按下列框架展开：第一段：第一段：开篇引出题目要求评论的观点，并给出不同看法；第二段：第二段：详细阐述这些看法的立足理由及其优劣之处；第三段：第三段：总结并给出自己的见解。例例：It Pays to Be Honest（2005年12月六级作文真题）Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled It Pays to Be Honest.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given in Chinese below:1）当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象；2）诚实利人利己，做人应该诚实。模板模板第一段：第一段：It is true that _.（指出普遍的观点）However,_.（叙述不同的观点）第二段：第二段：I think _.（提出自己的观点，即文章的论点）The reasons can be listed as follows.（开始论证）Firstly,_.（论证理由一）Secondly,_.（论证理由二）For example,_.（举例）Thirdly,_.（论证理由三）A case in point is that _.（举例）第三段：第三段：It goes without saying that（不用说）_.（指出执行该观点时的注意事项）In conclusion,_（总结全文）范文点评：范文点评：It Pays to Be HonestIt is true most of us value honesty highly.However,nowadays we often confront confidence crisis such as cheating,overcharging,fake commodities and so on.I think that we should be honest.The reason can be listed as follows.firstly,only honest people can be truly respected by others over a long period of time.Secondly,honesty,as a traditional virtue of Chinese people,can make our life easier and more harmonious.For example,if fewer students cheated in exams,exams would be made much simpler.Thirdly,honesty can make our society more stable.A case in point is that Singapore,a society featuring trust and integrity,has a comparatively low crime rate.It goes without saying that being honest is of great benefit to both the community and individuals.In conclusion,honesty should be encouraged in our society.c.问题解决型 问题解决型论说文立意在“How”，以“方法”、“途径”、“怎么办”为文章的核心，主要遵循“提出问题分析原因提出解决办法”的模式。最典型的问题解决型命题通常以“How”开头，如：How to Succeed in a Job Interview?（2001年1月），How I Finance My College Education（2000年1月）。此外，考生从给出提纲中出现的词“该怎么办”也可以推断其属于问题解决型。问题解决型作文的一般框架是：第一段第一段：引言，对现状、形势或困难进行描述，提出问题；第二段第二段：途径与方法，列举做某事的途径或解决问题的各种方法；第三段：第三段：评价或选择，对第二段中提及的途径和方法进行简要评价，或选取其中一、两种自己认为合适的，阐述其依据。模板模板第一段第一段：_.（铺垫，提出问题）On the one hand,_.（理由一）On the other hand,_.（理由二）第二段：第二段：Therefore,how to _ is worth paying attention to.（承上启下，提出要解决的问题）Firstly,_.（办法一）Secondly,_.（办法二）For example,_（举例说明办法二）Thirdly,_.（办法三）In this way,_.（预期结果）第三段：第三段：In brief,_.（总结全文）范文点评：范文点评：例：例：How to Improve Students Mental Health?（2008年12月六级考试作文真题）Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled How to Improve Students Mental Health?You should write at least 150 words following the outline given in Chinese below:1大学生心理健康很重要；2为此，学校可以3我们自己应该【范文】【范文】With the rapid improvement of our living condition,mental health plays as an obstacle in our life.On the one hand,mental health was such a rare expression that few of us would even know about it.On the other hand,in recent years,more and more people are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of mental health,especially of college students.Therefore,how to improve students mental health is worth paying attention to.Who is responsible for keeping the students mentally healthy?Many would say its the duty of universities undoubtedly.In the first instance,universities should offer psychological courses and activities to enhance students awareness of mental health.In the second instance,psychological consultation centers should be established so that students with any psychological problems can get professional guidance easily and timely However,theres an old sayingwho started the trouble should end it.No one else can solve our own problem better than ourselves.We should always take a positive attitude toward life and learn from our idols and good books.In brief,when encountering problems that cant be solved alone,talk with friends or turn to professional help.d.解释说明型 解释说明型论说文是对事物的发生、发展、结果、特征、状态、功能等进行介绍、阐述、解释的一种论说文类型。它的适用范围很广，无论是日常生活、工作学习或学术研究，人们都不可避免地要以各种方式来解释、说明、分析事物。在学校里，学生需用这类文章来回答问题，写报告、写作文，甚至写工作申请等；在工作中，人们需要用它来写企业介绍、产品说明。促销广告。市场分析等；在学生研究中，它可以用来解释理论基础，阐述研究过程，分析研究结果，提出实践意义等，所以写好解释说明型论说文是英语写作的一大要求。这类文章的写作重点是：表达必须清楚，内容易理解、易记忆，条理清晰、层次清楚、逻辑关系明确。模板模板第一段：Nowadays,there is a hot debate about _.（提出问题）第二段：A number of factors contribute to _.（概述，引出对问题的分析）On the one hand,_.（一方面）On the other hand,_.（另一方面）第三段：Clearly,there are both advantages and disadvantages as to the view of this matter.（概述不同观点）For one thing,_.（一方面）For another,_.（另一方面）In general,_.（得出结论）例：例：Digital Age（2007年12月六级考试作文真题）Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Digital Age.You should write at least 150 words according to the outline given below in Chinese:1.如今数字化产品得到越来越广泛的使用，例如2.数字化产品的使用对工作、学习、生活产生的影响。【范文】【范文】Digital Age Nowadays,there is a hot debate about the usage of digital products,such as digital cameras,computers and digital televisions.These products are used in every corner of the world.Owing to these stuffs,great changes have taken place in our daily life.A number of factors contribute to usage of digital products.On the one hand,digital products provide us with a much different life from before.For example,we can delete or correct the“unsuccessful”photos by the function of digital camera whenever we are not satisfied with them.On the other hand,these digital products have greatly improved our working efficiency and also led to a generation isolated from the real life.Lastly,the development of digital products provides more convenience for the students study.Clearly,there are both advantages and disadvantages as to the view of this matter.For one thing,students enjoy more access to study materials.For another,there are some students who cannot withstand the temptation of computer games and abandon themselves to games.As a result,their study is affected badly.In general,our future is digital.Its true to some extent that to achieve success in the 21st century,digital products are indispensable tools.图表作文训练图表作文训练 图表是科技文献中常用的一种表达手段。四、六级图表作文利用图形（图表是科技文献中常用的一种表达手段。四、六级图表作文利用图形（figure）、表格（）、表格（table）、曲线）、曲线图（图（graph）、柱状图（）、柱状图（bar chart）和饼状图（）和饼状图（pie chart）等作为写作提示，并以此为依据要求考生用简洁）等作为写作提示，并以此为依据要求考生用简洁生动的语言把图表中所给的信息完整而准确地表达出来。生动的语言把图表中所给的信息完整而准确地表达出来。这一类作文通常前半部分说明图表所表达的信息，后半部分进行议论，与说明和议论的文章息息相关。这一类作文通常前半部分说明图表所表达的信息，后半部分进行议论，与说明和议论的文章息息相关。写作要领写作要领 图表作文出现的频率不高，在近十年的四、六级考试中只出现过两次，即图表作文出现的频率不高，在近十年的四、六级考试中只出现过两次，即2002年年6月的考题月的考题 Student Use of Computers和和2006年年6月的考题月的考题Traveling Abroad。写这一类作文时，有以下几点需要注意：。写这一类作文时，有以下几点需要注意：第一、审题时，除了要把握好图表的表层信息外，还要分析该图表的深层含义，如原因、根源、可能的发展趋势等。图表中所提供的说明文字往往是问题的切入点，一定要仔细分析。第二、描述数据时要注意抓住重点，为中心服务，不必面面俱到，切忌毫无目的的罗列图表中的数据。如果数据较多，建议考生抓住图表中的极端点（如最大或最小，最多或最少，最好或最差）和基本相同之处进行描述。第三、主题句应明确，最好放在文章的开头，这样会使重点突出、主体明了。以2002年6月的考题为例，用 Students tend to use computers more and more nowadays 作为文章首句，开头即总结图表所反映的现象，而后描述得出这一现象的数据。这与我们平常写作时先描述数据，再进行总结的方法正好相反。这种写法容易引起读者的注意，也有利于读者理清思路。模板与解说模板与解说 不论图表以何种方式出现，图表作文还是要遵循一定的模式。最常见的模板如下：第一段：第一段：描述现状。简要描述图表，概况图表所表现的社会问题，不要出现过有具体的数据。第二段：第二段：分析原因。剖析图表所反映的深层次问题。用图表数据来论证第一段提出的主题，或者分析各个数据产生的原因。要注意文中的论点应该用图表中的数据来支持。第三段：第三段：结论和启示。从图表所体现的现象获得结论和启示，或者对图表所表现的趋势加以预测。例：Student Use of Computers(2002年 6月)Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Student Use of Computers.You should write at least 120 words,and base your composition on the chart and the outline given below:1.上图所示为某校大学生平均每周使用计算机的时间:1990年(2 hours)、1995年(4 hours)、2002年(14 hours)，请描述其变化；2.请说明发生这些变化的原因(可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明)；3.你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。模板模板第一段：As is clearly shown in the chart,_.(图表总体描述，指明时间段)Especially,_.(指出突出的变化)第二段：There are three factors leading to the change.(分析原因)To begin with,_.(原因一)In addition,_.(原因二)For example,_.(举例说明)Last but not least,_.(原因三)To sum up,_.(简要总结)第三段：As for me,_.(自己的观点)On the one hand,_.(一方面)On the other hand,_.(另一方面)In brief,_.(总结)Student Use of Computers As is clearly shown in the chart,the number of hours students spent on computers increased from tow or four per week from 1990 to 1995.Especially,the number rose to about 14 hours per week in 2002.There are three factors leading to the change.To begin with,the price of computers is getting much lower than before so that many students can afford it.In addition,it is very convenient for us to study with the help of computers.For example,e-mail enable us to keep in touch with our teachers and friends.Last but not least,with the fast development of the modern society,a computer has become a must for many people.To sum up,low price,convenience and wide use contribute to the increase in the use of computers.As for me,student use of computers is a double-edged sword.On the one hand,it is a good helper in searching for information,drawing pictures,etc.11 On the other hand,various computer games might distract students from their studies.12 In brief,computers can serve us well if they are used in the right way.(193 words)例：Traveling Abroad(2006年 6月)Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Traveling