(完整版)初中英语语法——三大从句汇总(重点笔记).pdf

(完整版)初中英语语法三大从句汇总(重点笔记)初中英语语法一一三大从句汇总 在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句，包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。以下是一些基本的从句的语法知识点 A、定语从句专项讲解与训练 一、定语从句概念 定语从句（attributive clause），顾名思义，就是一个句子作定语从属于主句。定语一般是由形容词充当，所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。另外，定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的，故又称作关系从句。定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后，这种名词或代词被称作先行词。请看示例：The woman who lives next door is a teacher.先行词定语从句 在所有的从句中，算定语从句最难掌握，因为汉语里没有定语从句，汉语里只有定语，而且总是放在名词之前来修饰名词。二、关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词代替前面的先行词，并且在定语从句中充当句子成分，可以作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有：who,that,which。它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示：先行词主格宾格所有格 人 who whom whose 物 which which whose of which 人、物 that that（一）关系代词 who,whom和 whose 的用法 who 代替人，是主格，在定语从句中作主语。例如：An architect is a person who desig ns buildi ngs.建筑师是设计房屋的人。I will never forget the teacherwho taught us chemistry in the first_ 1 year of my senior middle school._我将永远不会忘记在高一时教我们化学的那位老师。Anyone who wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by email first.想应聘这个职位的任何人都必须先通过电子邮件向我们发送简历。whom 弋替人，是宾格，在定语从句作宾语，在非正式英语常可省略。例如：Do you know the gentleman whomwe met in the school library yesterday?昨天我们在学校图书馆里遇到的那位先生你认识吗？This is the student whom my father taught ten years ago.这是我爸爸十年前教的学生。The girl who I saw is called Mary.我见到的那个女孩名叫玛丽。（在非正式英语中，主格 who 代替了宾格 whom亦可省略）whose 一般代替人，有时亦可代替物，是所有格，在定语从句作定语。例如：The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad.其父是一位高级工程师的那个女学生过去在国外留学。Do you know the n ame of the hotel whose window we can see here?我们这儿能看到窗户的那个宾馆叫什么名字，你知道吗？（关系代词 whose 指代先行词 hotel，正式用法应该用 of which。whose window=the window of which,意 思 是：the window of thehotel（二）关系代词 which 的用法 which 代替物，在定语从句作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。例如：I do not like stories which have un happy endin gs.我不喜欢有不幸结局的小说。（which 可以换成 that）Tom works for a factory which makes watches.汤姆在一个制表厂工作。（which 可以换成 that）（三）关系代词 that 的用法 that 既可指人又可指物，在当代英语中大多指物，在定语从句作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。例如：Is she the girl that sells n ewspapers?她是卖报纸的那个女孩吗？（that 可以换成 who）Where is the ice-cream that was in the fridge?2。）放在冰箱的冰激凌哪儿去了？（that 可以换成 which）3 Is this the book that you want to buy?这是你要买的那本书吗？以省略）三、关系副词引导的定语从句 常用的关系副词只有三个：when,where,why,在定语从句中充当时间、地点和原因状语。它们的用法大家不妨记住一个口诀：the time whe n the place where the reas on why（一）关系副词 when 的用法 关系副词 when 代替的先行词表示的是时间，when 在定语从句作时间状语。例如：In Beiji ng July and August are the mon ths whe n it rains very ofte n.北京的七月和八月是常下雨的月份。（when 先行词是months）Do you remember the day whe n we first went to the Summer Palace?你还记得我们第一次去颐和园的那一天吗？（when 先行词是 day，当代英语里 when 可以用 that 替代，这时关系代词that 就变成了表示时间的关系副词）I havent seen her since the year whe n I left Tokyo.自从我离开东京的那一年我就一直没见到过她。（when先行词是 year，同样 when可以用 that 代替）（二）关系副词 where 的用法 关系副词 where 代替的先行词表示的是地点，where 在定语从句作地点状语。例如：During the Spring Festival I went back to the town where I was brought up.春节期间，我回到了生我养我的家乡。（where 的先行词是 town）This is the place where Li Bai once lived.这是李白曾经生活过的地方。（where 先行词是 place）上面这个句子不可以将 where 改为 that，因为 that 不能作为表示地点的关系畐 U词。试比 4（that 可以换成 which，在定语从句作宾语，还可较下句：This is the place that Li Bai once visited.5 这是李白曾经游览过的地方。（that 的先行词同样是place，但这个 that 是关系代词，在定语从句中作宾语，可以省略，还可以用（三）关系副词 why的用法 关系副词 why 代替的先行词表示的是原因，why 在定语从句作原因状语。例如:The reas on why I am pho ning you is to ask you whether you have got my email.我打电话给你的原因是想问问你是否收到了我的电子邮件。（词，还可以将 why省略）This is the reason why he came late to school.这就是他为什么上学迟到的原因。（why 先行词是 reason，why可以用 that替代，还可以省略）注意：如果上面的句子将 the reason 省略，那么这个句子就变成了（This is why he came lateto school.）表语从句，句子意思丝毫未变。why先行词是 which 替换）reason，当代英语里 why 可以用 that 替代，这时关系代词that 就变成了表示原因的关系副四、特殊关系代词 as 引导的定语从句 as 是个比较特殊的关系代词，一是用在某些句型搭配里，二是独立于主句之 外。下面分别讲解。（一）在固定搭配 asas,soas,suchas,the sameas中，as 弓丨导定语从句 You may take as many books as you want.你想要拿多少书就拿多少。（第一个 as 是副词，修饰many 的；第二个 as才 是关系代词，代替先行词 books，在定语从句中作宾语）I have got such a computer as yours.我有一台你这样的电脑。（as 是关系代词，代替先行词computer，在定语从句中作表语，因为 yours 后省略了 is）I have n ever see n so beautiful a place as Guili n.我从未见过像桂林那样美丽的地方。（as 是关系代词，代替先行词 place，在定语从句中作表语，因为 Guilin 后省略了 is）6（二）独立于主句之外，as 引导定语从句 7 As we know,the earth turns around the su n.As is known to us,（As we know 和 As is known to us 均为定语从句，as 分别作宾语和主语，替代后面的主句。）Taiwa n is,as you kno w,is an in separable part of China.你知道，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。（关系代词 语从句中作宾语。）五、关系代词 who,which与 that 的区别（一）关系代词 who 与 that的区别 1.当关系代词用作主语时，多用主格 who 例如：He who loses hope loses all.失去希望的人就失去一切。（先行词为代词 he,they,any,all,one 等时，多用 who）I met Alice,who told me that she was learning Chinese.我遇见艾丽斯，她告诉我她在学汉语。（在非限制性定语从句中，用 2.当关系代词用作介词后的宾语时，用宾格 whom 不用that。例如：The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher.我们校长刚才与他谈话的那个人是我们的英语老师。连时，只能用宾格 whom不可用主格 who）注意：介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时，或者说介词放在句子后面时，这时可以用主格 who,也可用 that，还可以省略关系代词。因此，上面的这句话还可以有如下四种说法：（1）The manwhomour headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.（2）The manwhoour headmaster talked to just nowis our English teacher.（3）The man that our headmaster talked to just no wis our En glish teacher.（4）The man our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.8 正如我们所知，地球围绕太阳旋转。as 指代整个主句，在定 who（介词与关系代词紧密相第 4 句简洁、自然，所以口语中用得最多。3.当关系代词泛指人时，多用 that。例如：He is a man that is n ever afraid of failure.他是个从不怕失败的人。（that用来泛指人）9 4.当关系代词出现在 who 开头的疑问句时，应用 that。例如：Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English?用英语同汤姆交谈的那个女孩是谁？（避免重复使用 义含混不清）（二）关系代词 which 与 that的区别 1.当先行词为 all,much,little All that glitters is n ot gold.以及不定代词 anything,something,闪闪发光物，未必尽黄金。她把她所知道的一切都告诉了我。everything 等时，关系代词多用 that。例如：She told me everyth ing that she kn ew.who,以免造成误解或语 2.当先行词的前面有形容词最高级、序数词或限定词 the only,the very,all,every,any,no 等时，关系代词一般都用 that。例如：This is the best no vel that I have ever read.小说。He is the only person that has bee n in vited to the ball.邀参加舞会的人。3.当关系代词出现在 which 开头的疑问句时，应用 that。例如：Which was the hotel that was recomme nded to the foreig n guest?个是推荐给外宾的宾馆？（这里使用 that 很明显是为了避免重复 which）4.在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词一般只用 which。例如：Beijing,which is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China,will host the 2008 Olympic Games.年奥运会。5.介词后的关系代词用 which，而不用 that。例如：She has collected 600 stamps,60%of which are Germa n stamps.了 600 张邮票，其中 60%是德国邮票。六、定语从句的位置 如前所述，定语从句一般总是直接置于所修饰的名词或代词之后。1 这是我读过的最好的一咅 B 他是惟一应 哪一 北京是中华人民共和国的首都，将主办 2008 她收集 有时候，定语从句与先行词之间插入了其他的短语，这样它们被分隔了，这种情况下的定语从句被称作隔离定语从句。例如：There was a girl upstairs who was shout ing and crying,obviously mad.11 楼上有一个女孩，大喊大叫。很明显，她疯了。（定语从句 and crying修饰 the girl，被 upstairs 所隔开）A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you Germa n.明天要来一位新老师教你们德语了。（定语从句置于句末以示强调）whowasshout ing B、宾语从句 宾语从句是英语复合句中的其中非常重要的从句之一。它是用一个句子做另一个句子的宾语，将这个句子叫做宾语从句。宾语从句做介词或及物动词的宾语。现在从下列三个方面总结归纳如下：一，引导词 A:由 that 引导的陈述句性的宾语从句，在很多动词如 say,think,wish,hope,see,believe,agree,expect,hear,fe 等动词后。连词 that 只起连接作用，在从句中不做句子的成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中常被省略，但在大多数情况下还是以不省为好，特别是在笔语中。例:I told him that he was wrong.l 在 think,believe,suppose,expect 等动词引起的宾语从句中，有时谓语尽管是否定意义，却不用否定形式，而将 think 等动词变为否定形式。例:I dont think you are righ我认为你做的不对）l 在许多带有复合宾语的句子中，that 引导的宾语从句经常移到句子的后面，而用 it做形式宾语。例：We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone 我认为他向每一个人撒谎是错误的）B:由连词 if、whether 引导的表示是否”的宾语从句。Whether#在从句中不做句子的成分，一般情况下，whether 和if 可以替换。例:I dont know if/whether he will come tomorrow.The teacher asked if/whether we had fini shed the experime nt.l 在介词后面的宾语从句中不用 if引导 例:Everythi ng depe nds on whether we have eno ugh money l 宾语从句中有 or not时不用 if 引导.例:I dont know whether the movie star will come or not.l 和不定式连用作宾语时不用 if 引导.12 例：Whether to go there or not hasnt been decided.C:由 wh-引导的宾语从句。连接代词 who,whom,whose,what,which,和连接副词 when,where,why,how 等连接的宾语从句，它们在句中即有连接从句的作用，又在句中充当句子的成分。例:Do you know which film they are talking about?(which 做定语)Idont know where he lives.(whe 做地点状语)二：宾语从句的语序，宾语从句从句的语序必须是陈述语序，既连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分 例:I believe that they will come soon.He asked me whether I was a teacher.They wan ted to know what they can do for us.三：宾语从句的时态。宾语从句的时态受主句的限制，既：主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定。主句是一般过去时态，从句用相应的过去的时态。如果从句的动作发生在主句之前，则从句要用过去完成时态。例：1)She says that she is a stude nt.She said that she was a stude nt.2)She says that she will fly to Japa n in a week.She said that she would fly to Japa n in a week.3)She says that she has fini shed her homework already.She said that she had fini shed her homework already.4)She says that she can sing a song in En glish.She said that she could sing a song in En glish.l 如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时，这时宾语从句要用一般现在时态。例:The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.He told me that Japa n is an isla nd coun try.lCould you tell me 是用来征询对方的意见，语气委婉，并不表示过去。例:Could you tell me when we will visit the Histury Museum?注意事项：13 u 由陈述句变成宾语从句时，要注意人称的变化 例：She said:“I have been to England before.”She said that she had bee n to En gla nd before.She asked me:“Do you like maths?”She asked me if I liked maths.u 宾语从句与简单句的交换。由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句，如果宾语从句的主语和主句的主语是同一个人时，可以用疑问词+不定式”做宾语的简单句结构。例:I dont know what I should do next.I cont know whatdonext.He didnt know where he would live.He didnt know where to live.DO SOME EXERCISES:1.Ca n you see _?A.what hes reading B.what is he reading C.what does he read D.he reads what 2.Does Jack come from Japan?Do you know 合并成一个句子）Do you know _Jack_ from Japa n?3._What did your son say in the letter?_He told me that he _ the Disney would the n ext day A.will visit B.has visited C.is goi ng to visit D.would visit 4.He didnt know_ A.whats the matter B.what the matter is C.what was the matter D.what the matter was 5.Somebody called you just now,but I didnt know _ A.who were they B.who they were C.who was it D.who it was 6want to know_ A.what is his name B.whats his name 14 C.that his n ame is D.what his n ame is 15 7.-Could you tell me_ she is looking for?-Her cous in,susa n.A.that B.whose C.who D.which 8.-What are you search ing the Internet for?-1m trying to find out _.A.What is the differe nee between SARS and BIRDFLU B.How many pers ons have died in Iraq C.How to protect our en vir onment D.Why is our Chin ese team be able to beat Korea 9.Do you know _?谁正在唱歌 ）10.Do you know _?她正在和谁谈话 ）11.Do you know _?昨天发生了什么事 ）The keys:1 A.2 if,eomes.3D.4 C.5 D.6 D.7 C.8 B 9who is si nging 10 who she is talk ing with 11 what happe ned yesterday C、同位语从句（一）概念 一般来说，在主从复合句中，用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它通常跟在某些名词之后，用以说明或解释该名词表示的 具 体 内 容。可 以 跟 同 位 语 从 句 的 名 词 通 常 有：advice,deeision,fact,hope,idea,information,message,news,promise,proposal,reply,report,suggestion,word（消息），problem，question,doubt,thought 等。例如：They were delighted at the n ews that their team had won.16 当听到他们队获胜的消息时，他们欣喜若狂。Where did you get the idea that I could not come?你从哪儿听说我不能来？有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在被说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。女口：The thought came to him that Tom might have retur ned the book.他突然想起汤姆可能已经还了书了。（二）引导词 寻规找矩请仔细观察下列句子，注意从句引导词的用法。1.The n ews that Mr.Li will be our new En glish teacher is true.2.He hasnt made the decision whether he will go there.3.The question who should do the work is being discussed at the meeting.4.1 have no idea what the boy is doing in the n ext room now.5.We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacati onthis year.6.I have no idea how I can get to the railway statio n.7.1 have no idea whe n he will be back 小结归纳 that 引导同位语从句时无词义，也不充当任何成分，但通常不可以省略，如句 1；whether 引导同位语从句时意为是否”通常不能用 if 来代替，如句 2;连接代词 who,what 等可以引导同位语从句，如句 3，4；连接副词 where,how,when 等可以引导同位语从句，如句 5，6，7。（三 ）that 引导的同位语从句和定语从句 意义不同：同位语从句用来进一步说明前面名词的内容；而定语从句用来修饰、限定前面的先行词。试比较：ii 1.The n ews that our team has won the final match is en couragi ng.2.The n ews that you told us is really en couragi ng.分析句 1 中 that 引导同位语从句，说明“news 的内容：我们队取得了决赛胜利。句 2 中 that 引导定语从句，对“news”以限定：是你告诉我们的，而非来自其他渠道。that 的功能不同：that 引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词，不充当任何成分；而引导定语从句时，不仅起连接作用，而且还指代先行词并在从句中充当主 语、宾语等成分。试比较：1.Dad made a promise that he would buy me a CD player if I passed the En glish test.2.Dad made a promise that excited all his childre n.分析句 1中 that 引导同位语从句，其中 that无词义，也不充当任何成分；句 2 中 that 引导定语从句，that 指代 promise,又在从句中充当主语，且 that 可以用 which替换。可否省略：that 在引导同位语从句时，通常不可省略。在引导定语从句时，若在从句中作宾语，通常可以省略，若作主语则不可以省略。即学即用 I.请用适当的词填空，使下列句子意思完整。1.They expressed the hope _they would come over to Chi na soon.2.The fact_ he didnt see Tom this morning is true.4.He cananswer the question _he got the money from his home yesterday.5.Do you have any idea _is actually going on in the classroom?18 6.The problem _we should have the meeti ng in the hall now must bedecided at on ce.II.下列各句中均有一处错误，请改正。1.Our team has won the game,that made us very happy.2.Ive come with a message from Mr Wang how he won after noon.3.He must answer the question if he agrees with what she said or not.4.Ive rthedbook where you gave me the day before yesterday.5.One of the men held the pinion whe n what the book said was right.III.把下列句子翻译成英语。1.我向他许诺说我一到北京就给他写信。2.他经常问我这个问题，那就是这个工作是否值得做。3.他什么也不说，这一事实使大家都感到惊奇。4.在我看来，他刚才告诉我的这个消息是真实的。5.他突然想起他本来应该去接儿子的。t be able to see youKey:1.1.that 2.that 3.that 4.how 5.what 6.whether II.1 thatfwhi2hhowfthat 3.iffwhether 4.where f that/which 省略 where 5.when f that 6.that f how III.1.I made a promise that I would write to him as soon as I got to Beijing.2.He ofte n asked me the questio n whether the work was worth doing.19 3.The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.20 4.1 n my opin io n,the n ews(that/which)he told me just now is true 5.A thought sudde nly came to him that he should have picked up his son.D、状语从句的种类 1状语从句的种类 用来修饰谓语动词、其它动词、定语、状语或整个句子的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句可分为：1.时间状语从句 2.地点状语从句；3.原因状语从句；4.条件状语从句；5.目的状语从句；6.让步状语从句；7.比较状语从句；8.程度状语从句；9.方式状语从句；10.结果状语从句。2状语从句的时态特点 一般情况下，时间和条件状语从句的谓语动词一般用 将来时”，用现在完成时”表示将来完成时”。二时间状语从句 3时间状语从句（adverbial clause of time）1.由 when,while,as 引导的时间状语从句。【区别】when,while 和 as 的区别：when 引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。并且 when有时表示就在那时”。一般现在时”表示一般 While 引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的，并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生（或者相对应）。并且 while有时还可以表示对比。例如：While my wife was read ing the n ewspaper,I was watchi ng TV.（was reading 是延续性的动词，was reading 禾口 was watching 同时发生）21 As 表示一边.一边”as 引导的动作是延续性的动作，一般用于主句和从 句动作同时发生；as也可以强调一先一后。As we was going out,it bega n to snow.当我们出门时，开始下雪了。(as 强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生，而不强调开始下雪的特定时间)2.位于主句之后，有时译成 由 before 和 after 引导 就，才”的时间状语从句。注意 before 引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语，并且当 before 引导的从句还要注意主句和从句之间的时间关系。当主句用将来时，从句总是用现在时；如果 before 引导的从句谓语用的是过去时，则主句动词多用过去完成时，这样以便体现动作发生的先后。After 表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。和从句的动作的时间关系正好与 before 引导的从句相反。3.由 till 或 until 引导的时间状语从句。till 和 until 一般情况下两者可以互换，但是在强调句型中多用 un til。并且要注意的是：如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时，必须用否定形式；如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时，用肯定或否定形式都可以，但表达的意思不同。例如：4.由 since 引导的时间状语从句。since 引导的从句的 主句谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。但在 It is+时间+since 从句的句型中，主句多用一般现在时。例如：5.由 as soon as,immediately,directly,instantly,the moment,the instant,the minute,等引导的时间状语从句。这些连词都表示【注意】hardly(scarcely,rarely)一.就”when/before,no sooner相!当于 as soon as 之意。主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。当 hardly,scarcely,rarely 和 nosooner 位于句首时，主句应用倒装语序。6.由 by the time 弓 I 导的时间状语从句。注意时态的变化：在一般情况下，女口果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时，主句的谓语动词用过去完成时；如果主句的谓语动词用一般现在时，主句的谓语动词用将来完成时。7.由 each time,every time 和 whenever 引导的时间状语从句。22 8.long as 引导的时间状语从句。这两个连词表示 久”由 as long as 和 so 有多久就多 23 三地点状语从句 4地点状语从句 (adverbial clause of place)地点状语从句一般由连接副词 where,wherever 等引导，已经形成了固定的句型，例如：句型 1:Where+地点从句，(there)+主句。【注意】此句型通常译成哪里哪里就”；主句在从句后面时，there 可用可不用；如果主句在从句的前面时，一般都不用 句型 2:Any where/wherever+地点从句，+主句。状语从句是句子的状语由一个从句充当，来修饰主句中的动词，形容词或副词等。状语从句都由从属连词引导，与主句连接，放在句末时，一般不在前面加逗号。状语从句根据它表示的意思可分为时间，原因，条件，比较，结果，目的等类。时间状语从句：是由 when,as,while,after,before,since,until,as soon as 等从属连词引导的状语从句。时间状语从句中的谓语动词