新《试卷》2001年考研英语真题18.pdf

绝密启用前英语英语（科目代码：201）考生注意事项1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用 2B 铅笔填涂。5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名2001 年全国硕士研究生招生考试2001 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section IUse ofEnglishDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage,there are four choices marked A,B,C,andD.Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening thecorresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(10 points)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up peopleinvolved in prominent cases1the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant2of legal controls over the press,Lord Irvine,the Lord Chancellor,willintroduce a3bill that will propose making payments to witnesses4and will strictly controlthe amount of5that can be given to a case6a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman,chairman of the House of Commons media select committee,LordIrvine said he7with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not8sufficient control.9of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a10of media protest when hesaid the11of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges12toParliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill,which13the EuropeanConvention on Human Rights legally14in Britain,laid down that everybody was15toprivacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.“Press freedoms will be in safe hands16our British judges,”he said.Witness payments became an17after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995.Up to19 witnesses were18to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers.Concernswere raised19witnesses might be encouraged exaggerate their stories in court to20guiltyverdicts.-1-1.Aas toBfor instanceCin particularDsuch as2.AtighteningBintensifyingCfocusingDfastening3.AsketchBroughCpreliminaryDdraft4.AillogicalBillegalCimprobableDimproper5.ApublicityBpenaltyCpopularityDpeculiarity6.AsinceBifCbeforeDas7.AsidedBsharedCcompliedDagreed8.ApresentBofferCmanifestDindicate9.AReleaseBPublicationCPrintingDExposure10.AstormBrageCflareDflash11.AtranslationBinterpretation CexhibitionDdemonstration12.Abetter thanBother thanCrather thanDsooner than13.AchangesBmakesCsetsDturns14.AbindingBconvincingCrestrainingDsustaining15.AauthorizedBcreditedCentitledDqualified16.AwithBtoCfromDby17.AimpactBincidentCinferenceDissue18.AstatedBremarkedCsaidDtold19.AwhatBwhenCwhichDthat20.AassureBconfideCensureDguaranteeSection Reading ComprehensionPartADirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions.For each question there are four answersmarked A,B,C and D.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of thequestions.Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letterin the brackets.(40 points)-2-Text 1Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientificknowledge.By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units，one man could continue to handle theinformation and use it as the basis for further research.But specialisation was only one of a series ofrelated developments in science affecting the process of communication.Another was the growingprofessionalisation of scientific activity.No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science:exceptionscan be found to any rule.Nevertheless,the word“amateur”does carry a connotation that the personconcerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and,in particular,may not fully shareits values.The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century,with its consequent requirement of alonger,more complex training,implied greater problems for amateur participation in science.Thetrend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical orlaboratory training,and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the UnitedKingdom.A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simplyan increasing emphasis on the primacy of research,but also a changing definition of what constitutesan acceptable research paper.Thus,in the nineteenth century,local geological studies representedworthwhile research in their own right;but,in the twentieth century,local studies have increasinglybecome acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate,and reflect on,the wider geologicalpicture.Amateurs,on the other hand,have continued to pursue local studies in the old way.The overallresult has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs,a result thathas been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing,first by national journals in thenineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.As a logicalconsequence of this development,separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards eitherprofessional or amateur readership.A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professionalgeologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies,whereas the amateurs havetended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way inBritish geology during the nineteenth century,its full consequences were thus delayed until thetwentieth century.In science generally,however,the nineteenth century must be reckoned as thecrucial period for this change in the structure of science.-3-21.The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as_.AJ sociology and chemistryB physics and psychologyC sociology and psychologyD physics and chemistry22.We can infer from the passage that _.A there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalisationB amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of scienceC professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific communityD amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones23.The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate _.A the process of specialisation and professionalisationB the hardship of amateurs in scientific studyC the change of policies in scientific publicationsD the discrimination of professionals against amateurs24.The direct reason for specialisation is _.A the development in communicationB the growth of professionalisationC the expansion of scientific knowledgeD the splitting up of academic societies-4-Text 2A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide-the division of theworld into the info(information)rich and the info poor.And that divide does exist today.My wife andI lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago.What was less visible then,however,were thenew,positive forces that work against the digital divide.There are reasons to be optimistic.There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow.As the Internet becomesmore and more commercialized,it is in the interest of business to universalize access-after all,themore people online,the more potential customers there are.More and more governments,afraid theircountries will be left behind,want to spread Internet access.Within the next decade or two,one to twobillion people on the planet will he netted together.As a result,I now believe the digital divide willnarrow rather than widen in the years ahead.And that is very good news because the Internet may wellbe the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that weve ever had.Of course,the use of the Internet isnt the only way to defeat poverty.And the Internet is not theonly tool we have.But it has enormous potential.To take advantage of this tool,some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdatedanti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment.Countries that still think foreign investmentis an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure（the basic structuralfoundations of a society）in the United States.When the United States built its industrial infrastructure,it didnt have the capital to do so.And that is why Americas Second Wave infrastructure-includingroads,harbors,highways,ports and so on-were built with foreign investment.The English,theGermans,the Dutch and the French were investing in Britains former colony.They financed them.Immigrant Americans built them.Guess who owns them now?The Americans.I believe the samething would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter.The more foreign capital youhave helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure,which today is an electronic infrastructure,thebetter off youre going to be.That doesnt mean lying down and becoming fooled,or letting foreigncorporations run uncontrolled.But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building theenergy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.-5-25.Digital divide is something _.A getting worse because of the InternetB the rich countries are responsible forC the world must guard againstD considered positive today26.Governments attach importance to the Internet because it _.A offers economic potentialsB can bring foreign fundsC can soon wipe out world povertyD connects people all over the world27.The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of _.A providing financial support overseasB preventing foreign capitals controlC building industrial infrastructureD accepting foreign investment28.It seems that now a countrys economy depands much on _.A how well-developed it is electronicallyB whether it is prejudiced against immigrantsC whether it adoptsAmericas industrial patternD how much control it has over foreign corporations-6-Text 3Why do so manyAmericans distrust what they read in their newspapers?The American Society ofNewspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question.The organization is deep into a longself-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.Sad to say,this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors andspelling and grammar mistakes,combined with lots of headscratching puzzlement about what in theworld those readers really want.But the sources of distrust go way deeper.Most journalists learn to see the world through a set ofstandard templates(patterns)into which they plug each days events.In other words,there is aconventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrativestructure for otherwise confusions news.There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers which helpsexplain why the“standard templates”of the newsroom seem alien many readers.In a recent survey,questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle size cities around the country,plus one largemetropolitan area.Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the samequestions.Replies show that compared with other Americans,journalists are more likely to live in upscaleneighborhoods,have maids,own Mercedeses,and trade stocks,and theyre less likely to go to church,do volunteer work,or put down roots in community.Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite,so their work tends toreflect the conventional values of this elite.The astonishing distrust of the news media isnt rooted ininaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and theirreaders.This is an explosive situation for any industry,particularly a declining one.Here is a troubledbusiness that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers.Then it sponsors lotsof symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed andfleeing in large numbers.But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases thatso many former buyers are complaining about.If it did,it would open up its diversity program,nowfocused narrowly on race and gender,and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook,values,education,and class.-7-29.What is the passage mainly about?A needs of the readers all over the world.B causes of the public disappointment about newspapers.C origins of the declining newspaper industry.D aims of a journalism credibility project.30.The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be _.A quite trustworthyB somewhat contradictoryC very illuminatingD rather superficial31.The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their _.A working attitudeB conventional lifestyleC world outlookD educational background32.Despite its efforts,the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its_.A failure to realize its real problemB tendency to hire annoying reportersC likeliness to do inaccurate reportingD prejudice in matters of race and gender-8-Text 4The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed.Theprocess sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries withunsurpassed might.Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying:Wont the waveof business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anti-competitive force?Theres no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful.Multinational corporationsaccounted for less than 20%of international trade in 1982.Today the figure is more than 25%andgrowing rapidly.International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production ineconomies that open up and welcome foreign investment.In Argentina,for instance,after the reformsof the early 1990s,multinationals went from 43%to almost 70%of the industrial production of the200 largest firms.This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economicfirms,of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underliethe globalization process:falling transportation and communication costs,lower trade and investmentbarriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers demands.All these are beneficial,not detrimental,to consumers.As productivity grows,the worlds wealthincreases.Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty.Yet it is hard toimagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re-create the same threats to competition thatwere feared nearly a century ago in the U.S.,when the Standard Oil trust was broken up.The mergersof telecom companies,such as WorldCom,hardly seem to bring higher prices for con