大学英语教案 Unit35.pdf

Unit 5 Section AUnit 5 Section AI.Background KnowledgeThe applied ethical issue of euthanasia,or mercy killing,concerns whether it is morallypermissible for a third party,such as a physician,to end the life of a terminally ill patient who is inintense pain.The euthanasia controversy is part of a larger issue concerning the right to die.Staunchdefenders of personal liberty argue that all of us are morally entitled to end our lives when we seefit.Thus,according to these people,suicide is in principle morally permissible.For health care workers,the issue of the right to die is most prominent when a patient in theircare(1)is terminally ill,(2)is in intense pain,and(3)voluntarily chooses to end his life to escapeprolonged suffering.In these cases,there are several theoretical options open to the health careworker.First,the worker can ignore the patients request and care can continue as usual.Second,the worker can discontinue providing life-sustaining treatment to the patient,and thus allow himto die more quickly.This option is called passive euthanasia since it brings on death throughnonintervention.Third,the health care worker can provide the patient with the means of taking hisown life,such as a lethal dose of a drug.This practice is called assisted suicide,since it is thepatient,and not technically the health care worker,who administers the drug.Finally,the healthcare worker can take active measures to end the patients life,such as by directly administering alethal dose of a drug.This practice is called active euthanasia since the health care workers actionis the direct cause of the patients death.Active euthanasia is the most controversial of the fouroptions and is currently illegal in the United States.However,several right to die organizations arelobbying for the laws against active euthanasia to change voluntary euthanasia:When the personwho is killed has requested to be killed.Non-voluntary:When the person who is killed made norequest and gave no consent involuntary euthanasia:When the person who is killed made an expressed wish to the contrary assisted suicide:Someone provides an individual with the information,guidance,and means to take his or her ownlife with the intention that they will be used for this purpose.When it is a doctor who helpsanother person to kill themselves it is called physician assisted suicide.Euthanasia By Action:Intentionally causing a persons death by performing an action such asby giving a lethal injection.Euthanasia By Omission:Intentionally causing death by notproviding necessary and ordinary(usual and customary)care or food and water II.Text AnalysisMain Idea and Devices for Developing It1.Main Idea of the textThe story deals with a doctors view of a terminally ill grandmother as a terrible-looking lady withgraceful hands from the outset but a considerate lady with graceful heart and mind in the end.2.Devices for Developing1.Double Clues(双线索法)There are two clues running through the whole passage,one being explicit and another implicit.The explicit clue is the time sequence,along which the author organized her experience with thedying patient.(Refer to Explicit clue)The implicit clue is the authors emotional experience,which unnoticeably leads the reader into her emotional world.(Refer to Implicit clue).Explicit clue-Time sequenceExplicit clue As a major device used in narrative,the order of time is employed in this text likea thread to string all the events together:from“I have never seen Mrs.Clark before.”to“Twodays later,I read about Mrs.Clark in the newspaper.”A fact to be noted is that the progression oftime is shown not only with time markers,but also with some other means.Sentences with time markers:1)I have never seen Mrs.Clark before,but I know that tonight she will die.(Para.1)2)As I stand there,the smell hits my nose.(Para.2)3)When I am finished,I pull a chair up beside the bed to face her(Para.6)4)Some unknown interval of time passes before her eyes open again,only this time there is noresponse in them.(Para.8)5)Two days later,I read about Mrs.Clark in the newspaper.(Para.9)Sentences without time markers:1)I reach for the light switch,I return to bed(Para.2)2)I reach for the long,thin fingers(Para.4)3)I bend close to herI put my finger over the end of the strawWe repeat the procedure.(Para.4)4)I go about providing for her needs.I turn her on her side.I remove the lid I rubcream into the yellow skin I notice that(Para.5)5)her shallow breathing stops,I begin to cry quietly.still holding her hand,I becomeaware that(Para.8).Implicit clueFollowing this clue unconsciously,the reader seems to experience the same shock and change inemotion as the author did.As a result,Mrs.Clark,a dying patient with terrible appearance,changes from someone we as well as the author understand first to someone we admire and praisein the end.In fact,the change in the authors emotion undergoes three steps.Implicit clue-Emotional experienceStep 1:Mrs.Clark is a total stranger.Ive never seen Mrs.Clark before.(L.1),I return to the bed to observe the patient with an unemotional,medical eye.(L.7)Then,the objective narration and description in Paras.3,4 and 5.I reach for the long,thin fingers that are lying on the chest.(L.14)Step 2:I know something about her an begin to understand or admire her.I again notice the long,thin fingers.Graceful.(L.35)but I have understood what she has done.(L.40)I feel my own pulse quicken and hear my breathing as it begins to match hers,(L.42)we become aware that (L.44)I nod my head slowly,smiling.(L.45)I receive my thank you (L.46)Step 3:I am deeply touched by her.I begin to cry quietly.There is a swell of emotion within me for this stranger(L.50)it was a privilege she has allowed me,and I would do it again,gladly.(L.53)and instead shared it with me.(L.55)and I am glad I was there for her.(L.56)Yes,they were long and graceful fingers.(L.60)2.General-specific(总分法)The author states an impress first and then presents the details.With this method,the authorsuccessfully introduces the reader into the scene she depicts.Thus,the reader feels the same thingand breathes the same breath as the author does.She lies motionless:the head seems unusually large on a skeleton body;the skin is dark yellowand hangs loosely around exaggerated bones that not even a blanket can hide;the right arm liesstraight out at the side,taped cruelly to a board to secure a needle so that fluid may drip in;the leftarm is across the sunken chest,which rises and falls with the uneven breaths.(Para.3)3.Detailed description(细节描写法)The detailed descriptions are centered around the conditions of“the ward”and“the patient”aswell as around the help the doctor gave to the patient.This device produces the result that thereader feels to be on the spot as the author is,and that the writers mental activities can findechoes in the reader.The conditions of the ward:The only light in her room is coming from a piece of medicalequipment,which is flashing its red light as if in warning.The smell hits my nose,and I close myeyes as I remember the smell of decay from past experiences.In my mouth,I have a sour,vinegartaste coming from the pit of my stomach.The conditions of the patient:1)Refer to Para.3.2)In Para.5:They are cold.Naked,except for a light hospital gown,she is very small and lightthat she seems like a victim of some terrible famine.The yellow skin rolls freely over the bones.3)In Para.8:Without warning,her shallow breathing stops,and within a few moments,the faintpulse is also gone.One single tear flows from her eye,across the cheek and down onto the pillow.The help given to the patientI bend close to her I put my finger overand allow a few dropsand ease her thirst.(Para.4)Picking her up in my arms like a child,I turn her on her side.I remove the lid from a jar of skincream and put some Carefully,to avoid injuring her,I rub cream into the yellow skin,(Para.5)3.The passage can be divided into 6 parts,the main idea of each part and devices for developing itPart I(Para 1-4)I attend to a dying patient,who is very thin.Even,she has no enough strength to swallow somewater.第 I 部分作者使用了叙述-描写法(Narration-description)Part II(Para.5)The patient is seriously ill,too weak for anything.Dominant impression:Mrs.Clark is too weak for anything.1.She is too weak to make any request and I have to offer my service without asking.2.She is so very small and light thatsheseems like a victim of some terrible famine.3.I rub cream into the yellow skin,which rolls freely over the bones,feeling perfectly theoutline of each bone in the back.4.I notice that her legs are ice cold too,and not until I run my hands up over her knees do Ifeel any of the life-giving warmth of blood.Part III(Paras.6-7)Driven by my thoughts,I exchange with the patient,who is able to utter only brokensentences.Though,I begin to see what a kind and considerate grandmother she is.Devices for developing it?第 III 部分作者使用了描写法(Description)This is focused on the authors mental activities.Graceful.I wonder briefly if she has any family,and then I see that there are neither flowers,nor pictures of rainbows and butterflies drawn by children,nor cards.There is no hint in theroom anywhere that this is a person who is loved.(Para.6)I feel my own pulse quicken and hear my breathing as it begins to match hers,breath foruneven breath.Our eyes meet and somehow,together,we become aware that this is a specialmoment between two human beings Without words,through yellowed eyes,I receive mythank you and her eyes slowly close.(Para7)Part IV(Para.8)The patient dies.And the author seems to have a better understanding of the patient.Mrs.Clark spares her family from seeing her die and the author feels it a privilege to be there withthe patient.Devices for developing it?第 IV 部分作者使用了描写法(Description)This is also focused on the authors mental activities.The most impressive sentence:One single tear flows from her left eye,across the cheek and down onto the pillow.Analysis:this is the last teardrop of the lady.What is it for?Is it a tear of joy?A tear ofgratitude?Or a tear of pity?The mental activities of the author:There is a swell of emotion within meHer suffering is done,yet so is the life.Slowly,I become aware that I dont mindMrs.Clark spared her family an episode that No one should die alone,Part V(Para.9)It is only two days after Mrs.Clarks death that the author comes to learn more about her fromthe newspaper.Devices for developing it?第 V 部分作者使用了事实陈述法(Statement of facts)Here,the author simply states some facts about Mrs.Clark:She was the mother of seven,grandmother of eighteen,an active member of her church,aleader of volunteer associations in her community,a concert piano player,and a piano teacherfor over thirty years.This is not to stack facts but serves to strengthen the impression the author gains in Para.8:Mrs.Clark is graceful in heart and mind.Thus,readers see the whole picture of a gracefullady.Part IV(Para.10)Mrs.Clark is really graceful.Devices for developing it?第 VI 部分作者使用了描写法(Description)This part consists of only one sentence.“Yes,they were long and graceful fingers.”Literally,the author praises the graceful fingers;in fact,she speaks highly of the patient.III.Language Ping or going before in time,order 在前的，在先的，前面的The paintings are a development of ideas she explored in thepreceding decade.这些画是她十年以来探索思想的发展。In conclusion,I hope the preceding arguments have convinced you of theneed for action.总之，我希望前面的论证能让你信服行动的必要性。precede:v.1)come or go just in front of 处在前面，领先He came into the room preceded by a small dog.他走进房间，一只小狗走在他前面。Now that you have read that sentence,reread the one that precedes.现在你已经读到了那句话，那么再把它前面的一句读一遍。2)be earlier than 处在之前，先于，在先Thousands of people traveled to America to escape hardship in the yearsthat immediately preceded the First World War.成千上万的人在第一次世界大战爆发之前的几年里来到美国，以逃离苦难。The week that preceded May Day last year had seen days of heavydownpour(倾盆大雨)in that country and the people there were allprepared to fight floods.去年“五 一”节前的一周里，那个国家下了好几天倾盆大雨，那儿的人们都在准备抗洪。2.2.securevt.1.make firm or tight;fasten 关紧，固定The gate wont stay open,so well have to secure it to the post.大门不能一直开着，所以我们不得不将它固定在柱子上。Secure all the doors and windows before leaving.离开之前把所有的门窗关紧。2.make safe;protect 使安全，保护The wall was built to secure the village from attack.建造这堵墙是为了保护村庄不受攻击。3.get,sometimes with difficulty 得到，获得Theyve secured the governments support for the project.他们已取得了政府对这一规划的支持。Ive secured us two front seats for the show.我为我们弄到了两个前排座位，观看表演。a.1.safe;protected against danger or risk 安全的Are we secure from attack here?我们这里很安全，受不到攻击吧？2.firm or tight enough for safety 牢固的Make the window secure before leaving the house.离开前要关紧窗户。3.having no doubt,fear or anxiety 无忧的，安心的The young man felt secure about his future.这个年轻人对自己的前途无忧无虑。securityn.安全，确信，保证3.3.moisturen.U tiny drops of water on a surface,in the air,etc.潮湿，湿气moisture content 含水量moisture determination 含水量测定Rainfall affects the moisture content of the atmosphere.下雨对大气中的含水量有影响。The desert air contains hardly any moisture.沙漠里的空气几乎不含水分。moista.潮湿的，多雨的，泪汪汪的，充满潮气的4.4.gownn.C a womans dress女长服；罩衣a ball-gown 舞会礼服wedding gowns 婚礼礼服A hospital gown is worn by people receiving medical treatment inhospital.医院罩衣是人们在医院接受治疗时穿的。The students had to wear gowns at graduation ceremony.毕业典礼上学生必须穿礼服。5.5.faminen.U,C a serious lack of food causing illness and death 饥荒There is a severe famine in many parts of Africa.非洲很多地方有严重的饥荒。The long drought(干旱)was followed by famine.久旱之后是饥荒。Parts of India have often suffered from famine.印度有些地方经常遭受饥荒。femininea.妇女的，柔弱的feminismn.男女平权论，女权运动6.6.beingn.1.C a person or thing that exists 生物，人He was a very gentle being who was much loved by all those whoknew him.他是个十分随和的人，认识他的人都很喜欢他。These are the strange beings from outer space.这些是来自外层空间的奇特生物。2.U the state of existing 存在We dont know exactly how life first came into being.我们不知道生命究竟是如何诞生的。This rule was brought into being because the old law was abused.由于旧的法律遭到滥用，这条规则便应运而生。7.7.intervaln.1.C a period between two events or times,or the spacebetween two points 间隔，间距Theres often a long interval between an author completing a book and itsappearing in the shops.从作者完成一本书到这本书出现在书店里通常有很长一段间隔。Tomorrow it will be mostly cloudy,with a few sunny intervals.明天大部分时间是阴，有时转晴。2.C a brief period between the parts of performance 幕间休息，中场休息He scored his first goal of the match three minutes after the interval.中场休息才过 3 分钟，他就射入了他本场比赛的第一个进球。During the interval,we were taken to the coffee bar.在幕间休息时，我们被领到咖啡厅。8.8.privilegen.C,U 特权，优惠As a teenager,she felt that living in Manhattan was a privilegeshe was lucky to have.当她十几岁时，感到住在曼哈顿是她幸运地拥有的一个特权。The children of the rich and powerful experience privilege from birth.有钱有势人家的孩子从出生起就受到特别对待。Part Two:Text Analysis1.hit:vt.affect very badlyThe increase in ticket prices has hit spectator sports badly.票价上涨极大地影响了观众多的体育运动。A powerful earthquake hit the city.这个城市遭受了一次强烈的地震。The smell of frying ham hit me as I opened the door.我一开门就闻到一股煎火腿的香味。2.the pit of ones stomach:胸口，心窝The ache in the pit of her stomach i