跨文化交际复习unit 6.ppt

2012-2013Intercultural CommunicationsContents vUnit 1 Communication Across Cultures-An Introduction vUnit 2 Culture and Communication vUnit 3 Daily Verbal Communication vUnit 4 Verbal CommunicationvUnit 5 Language and CulturevUnit 6 Nonverbal Communication vUnit 7 Cultural Differences vUnit 8 Intercultural AdaptationUnit 6 Nonverbal CWarm up:Believe it or not vIn face-to-face communication 65%of the information is communicated through nonverbal means(Samovar,1981;Ross,1974)Support 1:Charlie Chaplin swept the world with his silent filmsSupport 2:Robinson Crusoe“talked”with Friday without knowing his servants languagevIn the communication of attitudes,93%of the message is transmitted by the tone of the voice and facial expressions,whereas only 7%of the speakers attitude was transmitted by words(Levine,1981)Support:Lovers express emotions with sparkling eyes and blushing faces or touching,hugging and kissing.Words are too pale for them!2.Definitions of nonverbal communication:(10 mins)vNonverbal communication(narrowly defined):Narrowly speaking,nonverbal communication refers to intentional use of nonspoken symbol to communicate a specific message.vNonverbal communication(broadly defined):Broadly speaking,the term can be defined to refer to elements of the environment that communicate by virtue of peoples use of them.DefinitionsvNonverbal communication is the study of facial expressions,touch,time,gestures,smell,eye behavior,and so on.vNonverbal communication will be defined as the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used,either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors,in the exchange and interpretation of messages within a given situation or context.(L.A.Malandro,1983)v1)Repeatingv2)Complementing/Accentingv3)Contradictingv4)Substitutingv5)Regulating4.Functions of nonverbal communication v1)Repeating(eg.Americans might hold up their hands in the gesture that signifies a person to stop at the same time they actually use the word“stop”.)v2)Complementing(eg.“I am sorry”;You can accent your anger by speaking in a voice that is much louder than the one you use in normal conversation.)v3)Contradicting(e.g.You tell someone you are relaxed and at ease,yet your voice quavers and your hands shake.People rely mostly on nonverbal messages when they receive conflicting data.)v4)Substituting(eg.A noisy cafeteria might get you to wave at a friend instead of screaming to get his attention;If you see a very special friend,you are apt to enlarge the size of your smile and throw open your arms to greet him or her,which is a substitute for all the words it would take to convey the same feeling.)v5)Regulating(We nod our head in agreement to indicate to our communication partner that we agree and that he or she should continue talking,or we remain silent for a moment and let the silence send the message that we are ready to begin our speech.Eg.A head nod to indicate that it is his/her turn the speak)vIn broad terms,nonverbal communication covers four areas:time language(temporal language or chronemics),space language(spatial language or proxemics),body language(body movement or kinesics),and paralanguage(voice modulation).5.Classification of nonverbal language vBody language:posture(the way the body is held),stance(the way of standing),facial expression,eye behavior,gesture,head movement,handshaking,arm movement,leg movement,etc.vParalanguage:speed or tempo of speech,volume,pause,sound,pitch,turn-taking,silence,etc.Classification of nonverbal languagevObject language:clothing,personal artifacts,hair,etc.vEnvironmental language:time language,spatial language,color,light,signs and symbols,architecture,etc.6.1 Body LanguagevA.Gesture vB.PosturevC.Eye contactvD.Facial expression(smile)vE.HandshakingvF.Bowing in Japanvhand gesturesvSome people cannot talk without using their hands.They reach out as they explain,emphasizing and exaggerating and punctuating with their hands.Other people hardly use the their hands at all when they talk.vHow people use their hands and whether they use them depends on their cultural background.Italians are great hand movers.So are Russians and Latin Americans.Englishmen are more controlled and rigid in their behavior.B.PosturevOnes distinctive posture can give way his cultural background.vSitting posture is a constant source of cultural misunderstanding.In the US,people often fall into chairs and put their feet on their desks.vAn American professor once did the same in class in Cairo,and it caused a student demonstration.vIn Ghana and in Turkey,sitting with ones legs crossed is extremely offensive.“Your lips tell me no,no,but theres yes,yes in your eyes.”C.Eye contactvCultural differences:vUS:v“Look at me when I talk to you”v“Never trust a person who cant look you in the eye.”vJapan:vpeople are not taught to look another in the eye but at a position around the Adams apple vArabs:vlook directly into the eyes of the person with whom they are talking for long periods to them direct eye contact shows interest.D.Facial expression(smile)vvConclusionvTo people of different cultures,a smile or a laugh may have very different meanings.vIn Eastern Asian countries,people do not readily show emotions.They are conditioned to use the face to conceal rather than reveal their feelings.vIn Africa,laughter is used by black people to express surprise,wonder and embarrassment,it is not often a sign of amusement.E.HandshakingvDifferences in touching behavior are highly correlated with culture.In some cultures,shaking hands is the only form of public touch.vFor instance,in England,shaking hands lightly is fine,but other forms of touching(such as backslapping or putting an arm around the shoulder of a new acquaintance)are not common.vIn other countries(in parts of Europe,Latin America,and the Middle East),handshaking can be followed by an embrace or a kiss on the cheek.F.Bowing in Japan vIts first task is to establish a certain condition of communication.vBowing is the beginning of human relations in Japan.vA complicated procedure:repeats angle vMutual bowing is largely determined by rank,the social inferior bows more deeply and the superior decides when to stop bowing.vAn especially close watch must be kept on the other person to estimate depth and duration of the others bow.v“Bowing contest”vvAdvertisement of PepsiAdvertisement of Pepsi 6.2 ParalanguagevA.VoicevB.Intonation:Falling tone and rising tonevParalanguage-Voice:vThe same words can be tender,mocking,sarcastic or angry,depending on how they are said.We signal our own authority by talking in a loud,overbearing way.We can use the same words to signal our humility by talking softly and hesitantly.vSince verbal messages are often ambiguous,effective speakers use vocal qualities to suggest different meanings from exactly the same words.vParalanguage-Intonation:Falling tone and rising toneve.g.Stop talking,John.v Close the door,will you?v Be careful.v Please be quiet.v Dont be late again.6.3 Environmental languagevA stitch in time saves nine.vTime heals all wounds.vMore haste,less speed.vA day late and a dollar short.vTomorrow never comes.vOne cannot put back the clock.v莫等闲，白了少年头，空悲切。莫等闲，白了少年头，空悲切。v一寸光阴一寸金，寸金难买寸光阴。一寸光阴一寸金，寸金难买寸光阴。v明日复明日，明日何其多，我生待明日，万事皆蹉跎。明日复明日，明日何其多，我生待明日，万事皆蹉跎。v三思而后行。三思而后行。v1.Time languagev2.Space languageEnvironmental languageTime languagevThe study of how people use,structure,interpret and understand the passage of time is called chronemics.Time orientationsvPast-oriented cultures (Chinese,native Americans)vPresent-oriented cultures (the Philippines,many Central and South American people)vFuture-oriented cultures (Euro-Americans,most post-industrial peoples)Past-oriented culturesvPeople regard previous experiences and events as most important.vThey place a primary emphasis on tradition.vThey show great respect for parents and the elderly.Future-oriented culturesvPeople believe tomorrow is most important.vCurrent activities are accomplished not for their own sake but for the potential future benefits.vTheir fate is at least partially in their own hands and therefore they can control the consequences of their action.Informal time systemsvMonochronic time system (M-Time)events scheduled as separate items vPolychronic time system (P-Time)involvement in several things at onceM-TimevThings should be done one at a time,and time is segmented into precise,small units.Time is viewed as a commodity;it is scheduled,managed and arranged.People in a M-time system are very time-driven.M-Time Culture:v-North Europe and North Americav-One thing at a timev-Social and business life,even sexual life is schedule-dominated v-Time is compartmentalized.(p.273)v-Intruding on the time of the next person is a sign of geocentricism and bad manners.(p.274)P-TimevSeveral things are being done at the same time.Relationships between people are far more important than schedules.Appointment will be quickly broken,schedules readily set aside,and deadlines unmet without guilt or apology when friends or family members require attention.P-Time CulturePolychronic time:involvement in several things at oncev -Middle East and Latin Americav -Appointments are not taken seriously and are frequently broken.v -Plans may be changed right up to the minute of execution.v -A professional participate in several fields at one.A quizvThey make a point of keeping appointments on time.vIf one is five minutes late,one must apologize.vPeople value punctuality and promptness.A quizvPeople schedule several things at a time so that the time allowed for each is quite flexible.vTime is perceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching from the past into the future.vHuman controls time rather than is clock-bound.Space languagevProxemics:the study of space vFactors that affect personal space:sex,age,relationship,cultureZones of spatial distancevIntimate:loving,comforting,protecting or fightingvPersonal:conversations with intimates,friends and acquaintancesvSocial:impersonal business and social gatheringsvPublic:lectures,concerts,plays,speeches,ceremoniesvFor Americans,distance in social conversation is about an arms length to four feet.They feel most comfortable at a distance of about 50 centimeters.vIf an American is engaged in a conversation with an Arab,the American might find himself almost nose to nose with the Arab,because the Arabs social space equates to the Americans intimate space.The American then backs away trying to regain his social space while the Arab pursues him across the floor trying to maintain his.vthe Arabs are labeled by“pushy”and Americans“standoffish”.Touching culture vs.nontouching culturevcontact culture vnoncontact culture接触文化接触文化 非接触文化非接触文化 地中海地区（包括法国、地中海地区（包括法国、希腊、意大利）；来自中希腊、意大利）；来自中东和欧洲的犹太人；东欧东和欧洲的犹太人；东欧人和俄国人；印度尼西亚人和俄国人；印度尼西亚人及拉丁美洲人。人及拉丁美洲人。北欧大部分地区（包括斯北欧大部分地区（包括斯堪的纳维亚半岛，德国，堪的纳维亚半岛，德国，英国）；英裔美国人，盎英国）；英裔美国人，盎格鲁撒克逊人（美国的主格鲁撒克逊人（美国的主流文化）和日本人。流文化）和日本人。7.ExercisesvvA.Comprehension CheckA.Comprehension Check vDecide whether the following statements are true or false.va.Speaking is just one mode of communication.There are many others.vb.Some researchers assert that in face-to-face communication,about 70%of information is communicated through speaking,and over 30%is sent by nonverbal means.vc.Environment is one of the several areas that nonverbal communication covers.vd.Much of our nonverbal behavior,like culture,tends to be elusive,spontaneous and frequently goes beyond our awareness.ve.Latin American,African,Arab and most Asian cultures are M-Time cultures.vf.Arabs belong to touch cultures.vg.In some cultures,eye contact should be avoided in order to show respect or obedience.vh.Western women usually like others to touch their babies or small children.vvB.Questions for discussion va.What are the major differences between verbal and nonverbal communication?vb.Discuss the contents of chronemics,proxemics,kinesics,and paralanguage.8.AssignmentvWhat problems could arise from not understanding differences in nonverbal behavior?