2012考研英语一真题及答案.pdf

2012012 2 考研英语一真题及答案考研英语一真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and markA,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as“a bodily exercise preciousto health.”But1some claims to the contrary,laughing probably has little influenceon physical fitness.Laughter does2short-term changes in the functionof the heart and its blood vessels,3heart rate and oxygen consumption.But because hard laughter is difficult to4,a good laugh is unlikelyto have5benefits the way,say,walking or jogging does.6,instead of straining muscles to build them,as exercise does,laughterapparently accomplishes the7.Studies dating back to the 1930s indicatethat laughter8muscles,decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes afterthe laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help9the effects of psychologicalstress.Anyway,the act of laughing probably does produce other typesof10feedback that improve an individuals emotionalstate.11one classical theory of emotion,our feelings are partiallyrooted12physical reactions.It was argued at the end of the 19th centurythat humans do not cry13they are sad but that they become sad whenthe tears begin to flow.Although sadness also14tears,evidence suggests that emotions canflow15muscular responses.In an experiment published in 1988,socialpsychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Wrzburg in Germany asked volunteersto16a pen either with their teeth thereby creating an artificialsmile or with their lips,which would produce a(n)17expression.Thoseforced to exercise their smiling muscles18more enthusiastically to funnycartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown,19thatexpressions may influence emotions rather than just the other wayaround.20,the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1.A among B except C despite D like2.A reflect B demand C indicate D produce3.A stabilizing B boosting C impairing D determining4.A transmit B sustain C evaluate D observe5.A measurable B manageable C affordable D renewable6.A In turn B In fact C In addition D In brief7.A opposite B impossible C average D expected8.A hardens B weakens C tightens D relaxes9.A aggravate B generate C moderate D enhance10.A physical B mental C subconscious D internal11.A Except for B According to C Due to D As for12.A with B on C in D at13.A unless B until C if D because14.A exhausts B follows C precedes D suppresses15.A into B from C towards D beyond16.A fetch B bite C pick D hold17.A disappointed B excited C joyful D indifferent18.A adapted B catered C turned D reacted19.A suggesting B requiring C mentioning D supposing20.A Eventually B Consequently C Similarly D ConverselySection I Use of English1.C 2.D 3.B 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.A 11.B 12.C 13.D 14.C 15.B 16.D 17.A 18.D19.A 20.CSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next musicdirector has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the suddenannouncement of his appointment in 2009.For the most part,the response has beenfavorable,to say the least.“Hooray!At last!”wrote Anthony Tommasini,asober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise,however,is thatGilbert is comparatively little known.Even Tommasini,who had advocated Gilberts appointment in the Times,calls him“an unpretentious musician with no air ofthe formidable conductor about him.”As a description of the next music directorof an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and PierreBoulez,that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part,I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one.To be sure,he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions,but itis not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall,or anywhere else,to hearinteresting orchestral music.All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf,or boot upmy computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for liveperformance are missing the point.For the time,attention,and money of theart-loving public,classical instrumentalists must compete not only with operahouses,dance troupes,theater companies,and museums,but also with the recordedperformances of the great classical musicians of the 20thcentury.These recordingsare cheap,available everywhere,and very often much higher in artistic quality thantodays live performances;moreover,they can be“consumed”at a time and placeof the listeners choosing.The widespread availability of such recordings has thusbrought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new musicthat is not yet available on record.Gilberts own interest in new music has beenwidely noted:Alex Ross,a classical-music critic,has described him as a man whois capable of turning the Philharmonic into“a markedly different,more vibrantorganization.”But what will be the nature of that difference?Merely expandingthe orchestras repertoire will not be enough.If Gilbert and the Philharmonic areto succeed,they must first change the relationship between Americas oldestorchestra and the new audience it hopes to attract.21.We learn from Paragraph 1 that Gilberts appointment hasA incurred criticism.B raised suspicion.C received acclaim.D arousedcuriosity.22.Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who isA influential.B modest.C respectable.D talented.23.The author believes that the devoted concertgoersA ignore the expenses of live performances.B reject most kinds of recordedperformances.C exaggerate the variety of live performances.D overestimate the value of liveperformances.24.According to the text,which of the following is true of recordings?A They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.B They are easily accessible to the general public.C They help improve the quality of music.D They have only covered masterpieces.25.Regarding Gilberts role in revitalizing the Philharmonic,the author feelsA doubtful.B enthusiastic.C confident.D puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August,his explanationwas surprisingly straight up.Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vagueexcuses,he came right out and said he was leaving“to pursue my goal of runninga company.”Broadcasting his ambition was“very much my decision,”McGee says.Within two weeks,he was talking for the first time with the board of HartfordFinancial Services Group,which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kindof company he wanted to run.It also sent a clear message to the outside world abouthis aspirations.And McGee isnt alone.In recent weeks the No.2 executives atAvon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for aCEO post.As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure,executives who dont get the nod also may wish to move on.A turbulent businessenvironment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloudtheir reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold,deputy chiefs may be more willingto make the jump without a net.In the third quarter,CEO turnover was down 23%froma year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had,according to LiberumResearch.As the economy picks up,opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional.For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the mostattractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached.Says Korn/Ferry seniorpartner Dennis Carey:“I cant think of a single search Ive done where a boardhas not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job havent always landed in top positions quickly.EllenMarram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade ago,saying she wanted to be a CEO.Itwas a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange.Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO.He finally tookthat post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers.The financialcrisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one.“Thetraditional rule was its safer to stay where you are,but thats been fundamentallyinverted,”says one headhunter.“The people whove been hurt the worst are thosewhove stayed too long.”26.When McGee announced his departure,his manner can best be described as beingA arrogant.B frank.C self-centered.D impulsive.27.According to Paragraph 2,senior executives quitting may be spurred byA their expectation of better financial status.B their need to reflect on their private life.C their strained relations with the boards.D their pursuit of new career goals.28.The word“poached”(Line 3,Paragraph 4)most probably meansA approved of.B attended to.C hunted for.D guarded against.29.It can be inferred from the last paragraph thatA top performers used to cling to their posts.B loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.C top performers care more about reputations.D its safer to stick to the traditional rules.30.Which of the following is the best title for the text?A CEOs:Where to Go?B CEOs:All the Way Up?C Top Managers Jump without a NetD The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for.Nolonger.While traditional“paid”mediasuch as television commercials and printadvertisements still play a major role,companies today can exploit manyalternative forms of media.Consumers passionate about a product may create“earned”media by willingly promoting it to friends,and a company may leverage“owned”media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered withits Web site.The way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisionsmeans that marketing s impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventionalpaid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products.Forearned media,such marketers act as the initiator for users responses.But in somecases,one marketers owned media become another marketers paid media forinstance,when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site.We define suchsold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations placetheir content or e-commerce engines within that environment.This trend,which webelieve is still in its infancy,effectively began with retailers and travelproviders such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further.Johnson&Johnson,for example,has created BabyCenter,a stand-alone media property that promotescomplementary and even competitive products.Besides generating income,thepresence of other marketers makes the site seem objective,gives companiesopportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companiesmarketing,and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more(andmore diverse)communications choices have also increased the risk that passionateconsumers will voice their opinions in quicker,more visible,and much more damagingways.Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media:an asset or campaignbecomes hostage to consumers,other stakeholders,or activists who make negativeallegations about a brand or product.Members of social networks,for instance,arelearning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses thatoriginally created them.If that happens,passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycottproducts,putting the reputation of the target company at risk.In such a case,thecompanys response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful,and the learningcurve has been steep.Toyota Motor,for example,alleviated some of the damage fromits recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestratedsocial-media response campaign,which included efforts to engage with consumersdirectly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create“earned”media when they areA obsessed with online shopping at certain Web sites.B inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.C eager to help their friends promote quality products.D enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32.According to Paragraph 2,sold media featureA a safe business environment.B random competition.C strong user traffic.D flexibility in organization.33.The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned mediaA invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.B can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.C may be responsible for fiercer competition.D deserve all the negative comments about them.34.Toyota Motors experience is cited as an example ofA responding effectively to hijacked media.B persuading customers into boycotting products.C cooperating with supportive consumers.D taking advantage of hijacked media.35.Which of the following is the text mainly about?A Alternatives to conventional paid media.B Conflict between hijacked and earned media.C Dominance of hijacked media.D Popularity of owned media.Text 4Its no surprise that Jennifer Seniors insightful,provocative magazine coverstory,“I Love My Children,I Hate My Life,”is arousing much chatter nothinggets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less thana completely fulfilling,life-enriching experience.Rather than concluding thatchildren make parents either happy or miserable,Senior suggests we need to redefinehappiness:instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured bymoment-to-moment joy,we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition.Eventhough the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard,Seniorwrites that“the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sourcesof intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly theonly Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week.There are also stories aboutnewly adoptive and newly single mom Sandra Bullock,as well as the usual“Jennifer Aniston is pregnant”news.Practically every week features at least onecelebrity mom,or mom-to-be,smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation,is it any wonder thatadmitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you supportkitten-killing?It doesnt seem quite fair,then,to compare the regrets of parentsto the regrets of the childless.Unhappy parents rar