中国的传统与转型第三章课件.pptx
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1、3. Classic China: The Golden Age Of Chinese Thoughtv3.1 The Later ChouvWe do not know how long the early Chou maintained effective control over their wide conquests-perhaps not for long or only sporadically. vThe original bonds of loyalty between the kings and their vassals probably weakened over ti
2、me. vIn 841 B.C, the tenth Chou king was driven out of his capital by its citizens, and an interregnum of thirteen years ensued. vMarxist Chinese historians make much of this event as the first popular uprising in Chinese history. vIt produced considerable disruption, and perhaps this accounts for t
3、he fact that traditional Chinese dating becomes reliable only after that date.vThe next king managed to resuscitate Chou power and is said to have led armies of 3000 chariots and 30,000 men, as compared with the 350 chariots used in the original conquest, vIn770 B.C., however, what remained of Chou
4、power was extinguished when “barbarians” in alliance with rebel Chinese principalities destroyed the capital. vTradition says that the thirteenth king, by lighting the beacon fires, had repeatedly summoned his vassals troops merely to amuse a favorite concubine, and now when help was really needed n
5、o one responded. vThe royal line was re-established at the subsidiary capital of Loyang to the east, but the Chou kings never again exercised any real political or military power, remaining only certain religious and ceremonial functions until their final extinction in 256 B.C.vThe period before 770
6、 B.C. is called the Western Chou from the location of the capital, and the period after 770, the Eastern Chou. vThe Chinese, despite a strong emphasis on the decimal system in counting (they had little use for dozens,the seven-day week, and the like), have not traditionally counted time by centuries
7、.vInstead they have divided history into dynastic segments, such as the Western Chou and the Eastern Chou. vThe Chinese further subdivide part of the Eastern Chou into two shorter periods, the name of which will be explained later. vThese are the “Spring and Autumn” period, usually dated 722-481, an
8、d the “Warring States” period, commonly dated 403-221. vThe chronological chart included in this volume will help the reader coordinate the Chinese dynasties and periods with the Western system of counting years.3.1.1 Technological and Economic GrowthvLater Chinese, imbued with the ideal of a unifie
9、d empire, have looked back on the Eastern Chou as a period of hopeless disunity. vBut it was an age of dynamic growth, bursting energy, and tremendous creativity. vPossibly the very lack of central authority and the multiplicity of rival states served as stimuli. vIn many ways the Eastern Chou is th
10、e most exciting and romantic phase of Chinese history.vIn the eighth century B.C, China was still technologically behind West Asia, but by the end of the period it had largely caught up and already was the most populous land on earth. vThe seven largest of the Chinese states together may have had in
11、 the neighborhood of 20 million people-quite comparable to the whole of West Asia and the Mediterranean area. vIron, which had appeared about a millennium earlier in the West, became common in china by the fifth century B.C.vIron replaced bronze foe weapons, and iron farming tool and the ox-drawn pl
12、ow brought an agricultural revolution to China. vHitherto unframed areas in North China were brought under the plow, and the remaining island of “barbarian” peoples were absorbed into the dominant culture. vGrain yields were also greatly expanded by large-scale irrigation and other water-control pro
13、jects, and great effort was devoted to the construction of transport canals, indicating the growth of the economic unit and the rising need to move large quantities of tax grains and other commodities over long distances.vThe growth of production was accompanied by a rapid development of trade and a
14、 tremendous increase in wealthy. vAs the Chou period progresses one hears more and more of wealthy merchants of all types. vThis newly risen class proved disruptive to the old aristocratic order, which perhaps in self-defense, propagated a theory that society consist of four classes: vthe warrior-ad
15、ministrators at the top, the peasants or primary producers next, the artisans or secondary producers third, and last of all the merchants, whose economic value seemed dubious to the aristocrats. vHowever unrealistic this theory was even in late Chou times, it remained East Asia dogma for the next tw
16、o millennium. vWhile bolts of milk and ingots of precious metal had come into early use as media of exchange and continued to be used until modern times, copper coinage became prevalent at this time.vAt first the coins were in the shape of small agricultural tools in the western parts of the country
17、 and small knives in the east, but before the end of the Chou era the copper cash, a small round coin with a square hole for stringing purposes, had come into use, and it remained the standard Chinese coin until late in the nineteenth century.vThe late Chou also saw the appearance of other character
18、istic features of Chinese civilization, such as chopsticks and lacquer. 3.1.2 The States of the Eastern Chou Period vHand in hand with technological and economic progress went a steady growth of the effective political unit, as the great water-control activity of the latter centuries of the era clea
19、rly shows. vAmong the welter of petty city-states that covered the North China Plain, some ten already stood out by the eighth century B.C. as larger and more efficient units. vThese states, however, lost their leadership in later centuries to those on the periphery of the Chou cultural area. vCrowd
20、ed together in the center, they had less room for growth, and they were probably more constrained by tradition from making innovations in political, military, and economic techniques. vThe states of Lu and Sung, for example, despite the proud tradition that their rulers were descended from the Duke
21、of Chou and the Shang royal line respectively, and despite their prominence in the early years of the Eastern Chou, gradually degenerated to the status of satellites of the peripheral states.vChi was typical of the border states. vLocated on the eastern edge of the North China Plain, it extended its
22、 sway over the greater part of the hilly Shantung Peninsula, increasing its area sixfold in the seventh and sixth centuries B.C. and winning control over an area comparable to a modern Chinese province. vOn the north, in modern Shansi Province, the state of Chin carved out a comparable domain.vBeyon
23、d it to the northeast, in the area around the modern Peking, was Yen, from which has been derived the literary name for Peking: Yen-ching, or the Yen capital.vIn the west, Chin, regarded as semi-barbarian by the others, replaced the Chou in the Wei Valley.vIn the south, the semi-barbarian state of C
24、hu had by the eighth century build up a vast domain along the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. vFrom the start it rejected the empty pretense of Chou rule by calling its own rulers wang, or “kings”.vTo its east the state of Wu had by the sixth century come to dominate the area around the lower Y
25、angtze. vRecent archaeological discoveries indicate that it grew from an early Chou outpost among barbarian peoples.vOn the coastal region beyond Wu appeared the powerful state of Yueh. vSituated in a region of great lakes and navigable rivers, these three southern states were water powers, with fle
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