2022年高中化学基础知识.docx
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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 高中化学基础学问( Basic knowledge of high school chemistry)High school chemistry, knowledge points, concept, a lot of things are very abstract, difficult to understand, to review the great difficulty, Weifang young teachers to create high school chemistry aims to help the students a
2、re studying and deepen their understanding of the chemistry of high school, to help them solve the difficulties encountered in learning. Catalog Safety of chemical experiment Separation and purification of mixtures Ion test A unit of quantity of matter The application of quantity of matter in chemis
3、try experiment Chemicals and their changes Metals and their compounds Non metals and their compounds Test of chloride ion Nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide Ammonia and ammonium salt chemical experiment safety 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 16 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Separation and purification of mix
4、tures Ion test A unit of quantity of matter The application of quantity of matter in chemistry experiment Chemicals and their changes Metals and their compounds Non metals and their compounds Tests for chloride ion, nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide, ammonia and ammonium salts Safety of chemical exp
5、eriment 1, 1 the test of poisonous gas should be carried out in the ventilated kitchen, and attention should be paid to the proper treatment of exhaust gas absorption or ignition, etc. When conducting inflammable and explosive gas experiments, it should be observed that the tail gas should be burned
6、 or properly treated. 2 burn should be treated by a doctor. 3 concentrated acid sprinkled on the experimental table, first with Na2CO3 or NaHCO3 neutralization, and then washed clean with water. Concentrated acid stained on the skin, it should be wiped with a dry cloth, and then rinse with water. Co
7、ncentrated acid splash in the eye should be diluted with 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 16 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - dilute NaHCO3 solution, and then ask the doctor to deal with. 4 concentrated alkali on the experimental table, first dilute with acetic acid neutralization, and then washed clean with wa
8、ter. Concentrated alkali on the skin, it should first flush with a large amount of water, and then coated with boric acid solution. Concentrated alkali splash in the eye, rinse with water and then rinse with boric acid solution. 5 sodium, phosphorus and other fires should be covered with sand. 6 a s
9、mall area of alcohol and other flammable organic matter is caught fire. It should be quickly washed with a damp cloth. Separation and purification of mixtures The application should pay attention to matters of material separation and purification method for example filtration for solid-liquid separa
10、tion mixed a paste, two low and three by distillation and purification such as purification or separation of liquid mixtures of different boiling points to prevent liquid salt bumping, the mercury thermometer is the position of the ball, the flow of the water solubility of different condensation dis
11、tillation such as oil distillation such as the use of oil extraction of solute in an immiscible solvent, a solvent extraction agent selection method of solute from its solution and another solvent composition of the extract should meet the following requirements: the original and the solvent immisci
12、ble; open the upper end of the piston or the groove the piston and the funnel water on the solubility of the solute is much larger than the original solvent with bromine in carbon tetrachloride extraction of bromine and iodine liquid separation of immiscible liquids The air is communicated with the
13、air inside and outside the funnel. Open 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 16 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - the piston, the piston closes slowly lower liquid outflow, in a timely manner, the upper liquid poured out from the upper end as by heating a mixture of evaporation of bromine and iodine bromine in carbo
14、n tetrachloride extraction into liquid after evaporation and crystallization for separation and purification of several soluble solid solution evaporates, with a glass rod to stir more evaporation when the solid solution; in the dish, stop heating separation of NaCl and KNO3 mixture Ion test The phe
15、nomenon of ion ion equation Cl AgNO3 reagent, dilute HNO3 white precipitate produced Cl + Ag + AgCl = SO42-: dilute HCl precipitation formula, BaCl2 white precipitate SO42-+Ba2 + =BaSO4 down the most common should have: alkali sodium potassium calcium and barium, besides is insoluble in water; bariu
16、m sulfate, lead water soluble chloride salt, silver carbonate in potassium sodium solution under. K+, Na+, K+ through the purple flame, cobalt blue glass Na+ yellow. Fe3+ uses KSCN solution to generate red substances Fe SCN 3., Br- and I-, using a dilute HNO3 acidified AgNO3 solution Br- to produce
17、a pale yellow precipitate that is insoluble in dilute nitric acid, and I- produces a yellow precipitate that is insoluble in dilute nitric acid. After the release of carbonate ions with hydrochloric acid is colorless and odorless and make clear limewater turbid gases: carbon dioxide. Ammonia ions wi
18、th concentrated sodium hydroxide, heated to produce a pungent odor, wet red litmus blue NH3. four gas impurity. Note: 1, in order to make the impurity, 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 16 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - reagent cannot join is appropriate, but should be excessive, because you cannot guarantee t
19、hat adding solvent the amount of only excess ions or ion clusters in the subsequent operation must be easy to remove. 2. Make sure that new impurity particles are not introduced, and even if added, they must be removed in subsequent operations A unit of quantity of matter 1. the quantity of a substa
20、nce n is the physical quantity of a collective containing a certain number of particles. 2. moles mol: measure any particle of 23 square particles containing 6.02 x 10 particles into 1 moles. 3.: the Avogadro constant 23 times mol-1 is called Avogadro constant 6.02 X10. 4. of the amount of substance
21、 substance containing particle number = 5. =N/NA n / Avogadro constant molar mass M 1 definition: mass per unit amount of substance of the material is called molar mass. 2: g/mol or g.Mol-1 3: numerical relative atomic mass or relative molecular mass is equal to the particle quality / quantity = 6.
22、Material material molar mass n = m/M six, the molar volume of gas 1. gas molar volume Vm 1 definition: gas unit molar volume called the molar volume of gas. 2: unit volume = L/mol 2. gas volume / material the molar volume of gas n=V/Vm 3. standard condition, Vm = 22.4 L/mol The application of quanti
23、ty of matter in chemistry experiment 1. the concentration of a substance. 1 defined as the amount of substance in the solution of a solute contained in a unit volume solution. The physical quantity of the solution is called the concentration of the substance B of the solute B. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第
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