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1、Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date英语主谓宾定状补主表系英语主谓宾定状补主表系主语 主语表明这句话说的是谁和什么,主语主要由名词、代词或相当于名词的单词,短语或从句充当。 一. 名词作主语 David arrived last night. 大卫昨晚到达。 Pride goes before a fall. 骄必败。 二. 代词作主语 Who is speaking, please? (在电话中)请问
2、您是谁? Thats OK. 这没问题。 三. 数词作主语 Two will be enough. 两个就够了。 Two-thirds of the workers are women. 三分之二的工人是女工。 四. ing形式作主语 Skating is good exercise. 溜冰是很好的运动。 Looking up all the new words in the dictionary took him a lot of time. 从字典里查所有的生词花费了他许多时间。 五. 不定式作主语 To translate this ideal into reality needs ha
3、rd work. 把理想转变成现实需要辛勤的劳动。 六. 名词化的形容词作主语 The blind and the lame are well cared for in our country. 在我们国家,盲人和肢残人受到很好的照顾。 The unemployed usually lead a hard life. 失业的人生活一般很困难。 七. 短语作主语 How to do well is an important question. 如何把这件事做好是一个重要问题。 Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy. 早睡早起身体好。
4、 八. 从句作主语 What has happened proves that our policy is right. 发生的一切证明我们的政策是对的。 Whether well go depends on the weather. 我们是否去要看天气。 谓语 谓语说明主语的动作或状态。谓语动词一般在主语之后。 Some children asked for cold drinks. 有些孩子要喝冷饮。 I shall go to see him tomorrow. 明天我要去看他。 I must ask her to teach me to swim. 我一定得请她教我游泳。 非谓语动词十
5、大实用解题原则 非谓语动词主要包括to do, -ing和-ed三种形式,可是其用法非常广泛,它不仅是高考单项选择题测试的一个重点,而且也是完形填空、阅读理解、短文改错的重要考查内容。为了能更好地掌握非谓语动词的用法,笔者在教学实践中总结出十二条实用的解题原则,并且还用相关的题目来解释这些原则。根据这些原则,相信同学们可以轻松地应对非谓语动词。 原则一、两个句子必须要用连词连接,如果没有连词连接,则需要用非谓语动词 例1. _ many times, but he still couldnt understand it. A. Having been told B. Having told C
6、. He had been told D. Though he had been told 例2_ many times, he still couldnt understand it. A. Having been told B. Having told C. He had been told D. Though he had told 解析:例1中有连词but连接,表明前后都是句子,所以答案为C。例2中后面是一个句子,而且没有连词,所以前面不是句子,应该用非谓语动词,根据句意此处为被动,所以答案为A。 原则二、不及物动词无-ed形式非谓语动词,及物动词有宾语时用-ing形式,无宾语时用-e
7、d形式 例3. _ in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police. A. Having lost B. Lost C. Being lost D. Losing 解析:lose为及物动词,现在后面没有宾语,所以用-ed形式,答案为B。 例4. _, I really believe that Id prefer not to make any change now. A. Considered all the possibilities B. Taking all the
8、 possibilities into consideration C. Taken all the possibilities into consideration D. Giving all the possibilities 解析:把。考虑进来结构为take sth into consideration,现在take后面有宾语all the possibilities,所以用-ing形式,答案为B。原则三、being done 表示“正在被”,一般不作状语,只作定语。非谓语动词的完成时形式to have done或having done强调该动作发生在句子谓语动词之前 例5. _ to
9、reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead. A. Fail B. Failed C. To fail D. Having failed 解析:根据句意“我们没有打通电话,就给他们发了个邮件”,没有打通电话应该发生在发邮件之前,所以用having done,答案为D。 例6. Tim Bemers-Lee is generally considered _ the World Wide Web, on which all the information is shared by all. A. to have founded B. hav
10、ing founded C. founding D. to found 解析:根据句意,Tim Bemers-Lee创立万维网应该是过去的事情,而且be considered后面应该用动词不定式,所以应该用to have done,答案为A。 原则四、非谓语动词作定语时,表示将来用-to do,表正在进行用-ing,表示已经完成用-ed 例7. The play_ next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture Aproduced Bbeing produced Cto be produced Dhaving been produced
11、解析:根据本题中的时间状语next month,可知the play将要于下月被创作出来,表将来应该用to do,所以答案为C。 例8.The trees _ in the storm have been moved off the road. A. being blown down B. blown down C. blowing down D. to blow down 解析:根据句意“被暴风雨刮倒的树已经从路上移走了”,树被刮倒是过去已经完成的动作,表已经完成用-ed形式,所以答案为B。 原则五、介词后跟-ing形式,可以在-ing前加逻辑主语 例9. The discovery of
12、new evidence led to _. A. the thief having been caught B. the thief to be caught C. catch the thief D. the thief being caught 解析:本题led to中的to是介词,后面应该用-ing形式,the thief作-ing的逻辑主语,所以答案为D。 例10. At the beginning of class, the noise of desks _ could be heard outside the classroom. A. opened and closed B.
13、to be opened and closed C. being opened and closed D. to open and close 解析:本题the noise of中的of是介词,后面应该用-ing形式,desks作-ing的逻辑主语,所以答案为C。 原则六、-ing形式或to do可作主语或宾语,-ed形式则不可以 例11. _ in a heavy traffic jam is quite an unpleasant experience. A. Caught B. Having caught C. Being caught D. To catch 解析:本题中is为系动词,
14、前面应该作主语,用-ing形式,所以答案为C。 例12 _twice a year, whether it is a car or a bus or a truck, is the rule that every driver must obey in this city. A. Examining B. Examined C. Being examined D. Having been examined 解析:本题中is为系动词,前面应该作主语,用-ing形式,所以答案为C。 原则七、be+-ed+介词结构常可把be去掉保留-ed+介词做状语 例13Michaels new house is
15、 like a huge palace, _with his old one. A. comparing B. compares C. to compare D. compared 解析:“和。相比较”结构为be compared with,现在做句子的状语,所以只保留非谓语动词,把动词be去掉,答案为D。 例14 _ with a difficult situation, Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice. A. To face B. Having faced C. Faced D. Facing 解析:“面对”结构为be faced wit
16、h, 现在做句子的状语,所以只保留非谓语动词,把动词be去掉,答案为C。 原则八、非谓语动词作状语,其逻辑主语必须和句子主语保持一致,和句子主语构成主谓关系时用-ing形式,构成动宾关系是用-ed形式。其逻辑主语和句子主语不一致时,要在非谓语动词前加逻辑主语,构成独立主格结构 例15 _ twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we changed our dog. A. Being bitten B. Bitten C. Having bitten D. To be bitten 解析:本题考查非谓语动词作状语,其逻辑
17、主语应和句子主语the postman一致,the postman应该是被咬,所以答案为B。 例16._ in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring. A. To walk. B. Walking C. Walked D. Having walked 解析:本题考查非谓语动词作状语,其逻辑主语应和句子主语he一致, he 和walk应该是主动关系,所以答案为B。 例17. While watching television, _. A. the doorbell rang B. the doorb
18、ell rings C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rings 解析:根据“非谓语动词作状语,其逻辑主语必须和句子主语保持一致”的原则,watching的逻辑主语应和后面句子主语一致,所以句子主语应为“we”,答案为C。 例18. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _ for the day. A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished 解析:本题没有连词,
19、所以后面应用非谓语动词,the lessons是非谓语动词的逻辑主语,和非谓语动词构成独立主格结构。根据句意应是“被完成”,所以答案为B。 原则九、不定式做状语一般有两种:目的状语和出乎意料的结果状语(表示顺其自然的结果用-ing形式)。另外,某些形容词(表喜、怒、哀、乐)做表语后跟不定式可以表示原因 例19_, you need to give all you have and try your best. A Being a winner B To be a winner C Be a winner D Having been a winner 解析:根据句意“要想成为获胜者,你要付出所有
20、,尽最大努力”,此处表目的,所以答案为B。 例20. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only _ the film stars had left. A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told 解析:本句句意为“记者们匆匆赶到机场,却被告知明星们已经走了”,表出乎意料的结果常常用only to do,所以答案为B。 例21. The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance, _ in the natur
21、al light during the day. A. to let B. letting C. let D. having let 解析:本题句意为“玻璃门替换了木头门,自然光就进来了”,自然光进来时顺其自然的结果,所以用doing, 答案为B。 例22.How glad I am _ you! A. seeing B. to see C. saw D. having seen 解析: 本题是I am glad to see you 的感叹句形式,to see you 是原因状语,答案为B。 原则十、 非谓语动词的否定原则是在非谓语动词前加not,有not to do, not doing,
22、 not having done, not to have done几种形式 例23_that he was in great danger, Eric walked deeper into the forest. A. Not realized B. Not to realize C. Not realizing D. Not to have realized 解析: 本题考查doing的否定形式not doing,答案为 C。 例24. What worried him most was _ to visit his sick child. A. his being not allowed
23、 B. his not being allowed C. his not allowing D. having not been allowed 解析:本题考查being done的否定形式not being done; his 为not being done的逻辑主语,所以答案为B。 例25. Sarah has decided _ away on holiday this summer. A. dont go B. to not go C. not going D. not to go 解析:本题考查to do的否定形式not to do, 所以答案为D。宾语 宾语一般用在及物动词的后面,
24、表示行为动词所涉及的对象。 一. 名词作宾语 Show your passport, please. 请出示护照。 二. 代词作宾语 He didnt say anything. 她什么也没说。 三. 数词作宾语 How many do you want? - I want two. 你要几个? 我要两个。 四. 名词化的形容词作宾语 They sent the injured to hospital. 他们把伤员送到医院。 五. 不定式或ing形式作宾语 The asked to see my passport. 他们要求看我的护照。 I enjoy working with you. 我和
25、你们一道工作很愉快。 六. 从句作宾语 Did you write down what he said? 你把他的话记下了没有? 表语 表语是用来说明主语的身份、特征和状态的,它常位于联系动词(be, become, appear, seem等)之后。 一. 名词作表语 Africa is a big continent. 非洲是个大洲。 That remains a puzzle to me. 这对我还是个难题。 二. 代词作表语 Whats your fax number? 你的传真号是多少? 三. 形容词作表语 I feel much better today. 我今天感觉好多了。 四.
26、 数词作表语 She was the first to learn about it. 她是第一个知道的人。 五. 不定式或ing形式作表语 Her job is selling computers. 她的工作是销售电脑。 Our next step was to get raw materials ready. 我们下一步是把原料准备好。 六. 介词短语作表语 The patient is out of danger. 病人脱险了。 I dont feel at ease. 我感到不自在。 七. 副词作表语 The sun is up. 太阳升起来了。 I must be off now.
27、现在我得走了。 八. 从句作表语 This is what he said. 这就是他所说的话。 定语(Attribute)【语法讲解】一、定语的定义定语是修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句。二、定语的位置单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的名词之前;短语和从句作定语时则放在它所修饰的名词之后。三、定语的构成英语中的定语通常由名词及其所有格、代词、形容词、数词、分词及其短语、不定式及其短语、介词短语以及定语从句等担任。被修饰的名词和代词的前后可以有多个不同性质的定语。1. 名词(名词所有格)作定语They are woman workers. 她们是女工。There are only boy stude
28、nts in the classroom. 教室里只有男学生。Marys sister is very tall. 玛丽的姐姐个子很高。【特别提醒】1)表示有生命的物体的名词,其所有格的构成:? 单数名词的所有格是在表示所有格的名词词尾后加“s”构成。例如:Marys home 玛丽的家 Jacks cat 杰克的猫? 以s结尾的复数名词,只需加上“”就行了。例如:the boys room 孩子们的房间 the students classroom 学生们的教室? 不是以s结尾的复数名词,须加“s”。例如:the childrens books 孩子们的书 womens work 妇女的工作
29、2)表示无生命东西的名词的所有关系,一般用“of”短语。例如:the color of the book 书的颜色 the top of the house 房顶You must know the meaning of every word you learn.你必须知道你所学的每个词的词义。2. 代词作定语Ive been studying English these years.这些年我一直在学习英语。My room is here. 我的房间在这里。That is his pen. 那是他的钢笔。【特别提醒】能作定语的代词有人称代词、指示代词和不定代词1)能作定语的人称代词是形容词性的物
30、主代词(有些语法书上也称为“物主形容词”),即:my(我的),your(你的),his(他的),her(她的),its(它的),our(我们的),your(你们的),their(他们的)。2) 指示代词包括:this, that, these, those, such, same等。3) 不定代词有:some, any, no, many, much, each, every, few, a few, little, a little, other, another, both, all等。3. 形容词作定语This is a tall tree. 这是一棵大树。Equal pay for e
31、qual work should be introduced.应当实行同工同酬。【特别提醒】当多个形容词作定语时,其大概位置关系如下:年龄(形状、大小)+颜色+来源+材料+用途+被修饰的词例如:a pair of black Spanish leather boots一双黑色的西班牙皮靴an old wooden boat一条旧木船4. 数词作定语The book has three chapters. 这本书有三章。(基数词作定语)The boy has five pencils. 这个男孩有五支铅笔。(基数词作定语)This is the first room.这是第一个房间。(序数词作定
32、语)【特别提醒】数词是表示“数量”和“顺序”的词。前者称为“基数词”,后者称为“序数词”。序数词前常加冠词the,例如:the first第一,the second第二;但当序数词作定语,而此前已有this, that, our, your, some, any no, every等代词时就不再加冠词了。例如:It is his second trip here. 这是他第二次到这来。5. 分词(分词短语)作定语China is a developing country. 中国是一个发展中国家。(现在分词作定语)Wind came in through the broken window. 风
33、从破窗子吹进来。(过去分词作定语)【特别提醒】1)分词包括现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示主动的意思,表示动作正在进行;过去分词表示被动的意思,表示动作的完成。2)分词作定语时,单个的分词通常放在被修饰的词之前。分词短语放在被修饰的词之后。但有时单个的过去分词也可放在被修饰的词之后。例如:Who is the lady standing by the door? 站在门口的那个女士是谁?(现在分词短语作“lady”的后置定语)We can only see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight. 我们只能看到被阳光照射到的那部分月球。(过去分词短语作
34、“moon”的后置定语)They decided to changed the material used. 他们决定改变所用的材料。(单个的过去分词作“material”的后置定语,)6. 不定式(不定式短语)作定语You havent kept your promise to write us often. 你没有遵守给我们经常写信的诺言。I have the ability to finish the job. 我有完成工作的能力。【特别提醒】1)不定式作定语时须放在被修饰的词之后。常用不定式作定语的名词有:ability, agreement, attempt, chance, dec
35、ision, failure, hope, need, opportunity, plan, promise, way等。此外,序数词first, second以及last, only, best等也常用不定式作定语。例如:She is always the first to come and the last to leave. 她总是第一个来,最后一个走。2)用不定式作定语时,它和它所修饰的词有时在意义上是动宾关系。所以,如果不定式里的动词是不及物动词,其后面应跟必要的介词。例如:We have a lot of homework to do. 我们有许多家庭作业要做。(do和homewo
36、rk之间在意义上是动宾关系)He is a good colleague to work with. 他是一位很好共事的同行。(不及物动词work后加上了介词with,表达了与colleague之间的动宾关系)7. 介词短语She received more attention from the salespeople here. 在这里,她受到售货员较好的接待。Most of the products on display are new ones. 展出的产品大多数都是新产品。8. 定语从句Those who want to go out follow me. 想出去的人跟我走。This
37、is the room where he used to live. 这是他以前住过的房间。【特别提醒】定语从句的语法知识比较复杂,我们会在第十八讲专门讲解。【强化练习】判断下列各句的定语及性质:1) We all get up early so as to catch the first bus.2) He asked us to join his company.3) His attempt to solve the difficult problem failed again.4) Do you know the man who wrote the article?5) Toms bro
38、ther is working in a large company.6) Only boy students can lift the heavy box.7) She showed me the easiest way to do it.8) The students studying in the school are young people.9) This is the laboratory set up by the students themselves.10) We dont know the exact time when they will return.【练习解析】1)
39、本句中bus的定语为序数词the first,意为“第一辆公共汽车”。2) 本句中company的定语为形容词性的物主代词his,意为“他的公司”。3) 本句中attempt的定语为形容词性的物主代词his和动词不定式to solve the difficult problem,意为“他解决这一难题的企图”;problem的定语为形容词difficult,意为“难题”。4) 本句中man的定语为定语从句who wrote the article,意为“写文章的人”。5) 本句中brother的定语为名词所有格Toms,意为“汤姆的兄弟”;company的定语为形容词large,意为“大公司”。
40、6) 本句中students的定语为名词boy,意为“男学生”;box的定语为形容词heavy,意为“重盒子”。7) 本句中way的定语为形容词的最高级the easiest和动词不定式to do it,意为“做这件事最容易的方法”。8) 本句中students的定语为现在分词短语studying in the school,意为“在这所学校学习的学生”;people的定语为young,意为“年青人”。9) 本句中laboratory的定语为过去分词短语set up by the students themselves,意为“学生自己建立的实验室”。10) 本句中time的定语为形容词exac
41、t和定语从句when they will return,意为“他们回来的准确时间”。【巩固练习】(十三)判断下列各句的定语及性质:1) Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement.2) Although Americans have different views on many issues, they tend to agree on one subject: Taxes are too high.3) Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic made early sailors unwilling to sail far out into it.4) Among civilized people it was once thought that ginger root by some magical power could improve the memory.5) Later an
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