西方文化课程讲义.docx
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1、Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date西方文化课程讲义西方文化课程讲义西方文化课程讲义OutlineChapter 1 Greek CultureChapter 2 Roman CultureChapter 3 Christian CultureChapter 4 Medieval CultureChapter 5 Culture in the RenaissanceChapter 6 Culture i
2、n the 17th CenturyChapter 7 Culture in the EnlightenmentChapter 8 RomanticismChapter 9 RealismChapter 1 Greek CultureIntroductionWest culture is made up of many elements, two of more enduring are: the Greco-Roman (希腊罗马的)element, and the Judeo-Christian (犹太教和基督教的) element.The foundation of Western cu
3、lture was laid by the Greeks. Ancient Greece is known for advances in philosophy, architecture, drama, government, and science.The most famous period of ancient Greek civilization is called the classical Age, which lasted from about 500 to 323B.C. During this period, ancient Greeks reached their hig
4、hest prosperity and produced amazing cultural accomplishments. Unlike most other peoples of the time, Greeks of the Classical Age were not ruled by kings. Greek communities treasured the freedom to govern themselves, although they argued about the best way to do and often warred against each other.
5、They highlighted the ideal of democracy and the importance of the individual.1. History of Ancient Greece1.1 Age of Aegean Civilization ( B.C. 3000B.C. 1000)爱琴文明时期Western civilization has a long history as long as Eastern civilization, and has lasted almost 5000 years since the origin ofAegean civil
6、ization, which includes two kinds of cultures:Minoan culture (米诺斯文化)and the Mycenaean culture ( 迈锡尼文化). Minoan culture flourished from 3000BC to 1000BC. Its high peak is the ruins of the imperial palace discovered in Knossos(克诺索斯), the capital of the Minoan Dynasty.( 米诺斯王朝) The Dorians ( 多里亚人) from
7、Greece intruded in the 11th century BC and Minoan culture sank into oblivion.The ruins of Mycenaean culture was first discovered by the German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann in the 1870s. Mycenaean culture was created by Achaean(阿卡亚人) in 16th century BC and destroyed by Dorians in 12thcentury. It
8、 left us the scripts of Linear B (B型线行文字). The Trojan War broke out at the end of Mycenaean civilization. The Trojan war had helped to produce two famous epics, Odyssey(奥德塞 and Iliad(伊利亚特). 1.2 Dark Age/ Homeric Age/ Heroic Age (B.C. 1100B.C. 750) 英雄时代1.3 Age of City-States城邦制时代Athens(雅典), Sparta(斯巴
9、达), Corinth(科林斯), and Thebes(底比斯) were the most powerful city-states.1.4 Classical Age (B.C. 500B.C.323) 古典时期1.5 Hellenistic Age (B.C. 336-B.C. 146) 希腊化时期This period refers to the conquests of Alexander the Great to the final conquest of the Greek by Rome in 146BC.2. Culture of Ancient Greece2.1 Epi
10、c PoetryHomers Iliad (伊利亚特)and Odyssey( 奥德赛).Hesiod(郝西奥德):Works and Days, Theogony神谱2.2 Greek Mythology(1) Brief introduction希腊神话有神的故事和英雄传说两大类。神的故事包括开天辟地、神的产生和谱系以及人类起源等。据说宇宙之初,只有混沌之神卡俄斯(Chaos),他是一个无边无际、一无所有的空间。随后诞生了地母神盖亚(Gaea)、地狱深渊神塔耳塔洛斯(Tartarus)、黑暗神俄瑞波斯(Erebus)、黑夜女神尼克斯(Nyx)和爱神厄洛斯(Eros)世界由此开始。大地女神盖
11、亚(Gaea)诞生了天神乌拉诺斯(Ouranos)、海洋之神蓬托斯(Pontus)和山脉之神乌瑞亚(Ourea)等。接着盖亚又和她两位儿子生了许多神。和乌拉诺斯生了提坦(Titans)分别代表了世界最初的事物(日、月、天、时间、正义、记忆等)和蓬托斯生了五个孩子分别代表了不同的海。她算得上是众神之母(是奥林匹斯神的始祖)。乌拉诺斯将子女囚于地下,而儿子克隆诺斯奋起反抗,夺取了父亲的权位,并娶妹妹瑞亚(Rhea)为妻。克隆诺斯听说自己将被一个儿子推翻,便吞掉所生的子女,但儿子宙斯(Zeus)被瑞亚藏了起来。宙斯成年后,果然打败克隆诺斯,成为万神之王,建立起奥林波斯神系,他的众多儿女也成为各有司职
12、的神祗。希腊神话的特点是人神同形。英雄传说歌颂战斗中建立功勋的各氏族部落的英雄。这些英雄都是神与人之子,体魄强健,智慧超群,反映了古希腊人民战天斗地的乐观精神和勤劳勇敢的高尚品质。有不畏艰险,为民除害的赫拉克勒斯;历尽艰险寻找金羊毛的伊阿宋;深入迷宫击毙诺斯牛,为民造福的忒修斯等。(2) 奥林波斯神系 ( The Olympian Gods)Between Macedon (马其顿)and Thessaly (色萨利)of eastern Greece there stood a high mountain. Its cloudy top rushed into the very heaven
13、s. On the top of the mountain, the home of the gods was bathed in brightness. At Olympus Zeus (宙斯)ruled as the father of gods and men. Zeus was not a crude ruler by any standards. All the gods listened to his final words. But Zeus made them all sit on a committee of 12 members, including 6 gods and
14、6 goddesses. The first in the Olympian crowd sat Zeus himself. He was the overlord of gods and men and the operator of the thunderbolt. Next to him was Hera(赫拉), his proud and green-eyed queen. Poseidon (波塞冬)was ruler of the sea. And Hades(哈得斯), king of the lower world, had no seat in the committee.
15、 Apollo(阿波罗) was the god of the sun, music and poetry, while his twin sister Artemis(阿耳特弥斯) was the goddess of the moon and the chase. Athena (雅典娜)was the goddess of wisdom and patroness of household arts. Hestin(赫提斯), the goddess of the family, represented home life and family happiness. The fright
16、ening Ares(阿瑞斯) was the god of war, and the charming Aphrodite(阿芙罗狄特) the goddess of love and beauty. The god of fire, Hephaestus(赫非斯托斯), was the forger of the thunderbolts of Zeus. The wing-footed messenger Hermes(海尔墨斯) was the god of invention and commerce; and the goddess of grains and harvests,
17、Demeter(得墨特尔), looked after agriculture and stood for mother of civilization.All the chief gods mentioned above took human forms of incomparable beauty and grace. Often moved by human feelings and desires, they frequently gave way to anger and jealousy. They became involved in ceaseless battles with
18、 the world of man. Among themselves at Olympus they plotted and struggled for power.希腊罗马神名对照表希腊名称罗马名称1. Zeus 宙斯 Jupiter 朱匹特主神2. Hera 赫拉 Juno 朱诺天后3. Athena 雅典娜 Minerva 密捏瓦智慧女神4. Apollo阿波罗 Apollo 阿波罗太阳神5. Artemis阿耳特弥斯 Diana 戴安那月亮和狩猎女神6. Ares阿瑞斯 Mars 马尔斯战神7. Aphrodite阿芙罗狄特 Venus 维纳斯爱与美神8. Demeter得墨特尔 C
19、eres 克瑞斯谷物与丰收女神9. Hephaestus赫非斯托斯 Vulcan 伏尔甘火神10. Hermes海尔墨斯Mercury 墨丘利商业与发明的守护神11. Poseidon波塞冬 Neptune 涅普顿海神12. Hades哈得斯 Pluto 普鲁特阴间之神,闵王13. Dionysus 狄俄尼索斯 Bacchus 巴克斯酒神14. Eros 厄洛斯 Cupid 丘比特爱神15. Heracles 赫拉克勒斯 Hercules 海格立斯大力神(3) Oedipus Complex 俄狄浦斯情结A prophet warned King Laius of Thebes that be
20、cause he had married his cousin Jocasta, he would be killed by his son. To avoid the disaster, he ordered his loyal shepherd to kill his new-born baby son. The goodhearted slave, however, could not bring himself to do the evil deed. He pierced the babys feet and tied them with ropes. Then he turned
21、the baby over to the care of a fellow shepherd who happened to be the servant of the king of Corinth. The child was given the name of Oedipus. He was brought up by the childless royal couple as their son and successor. The prince had never doubted that the king was not his real father until one day
22、he heard others talking about his parentage. Deeply troubled, he went to Delphi to require about his birth. There he was warned by Apollo not to return to his native country, because, should he do so, he would kill his father and marry his mother. The frightened young man turned his back on Corinth,
23、 determined not to return while his supposed parents lived.Oedipus had not gone far on his way to Thebes when he saw a cart coming towards him. The man sitting in the cart, angry at the young man in the way, whipped him on the face with an oath. Oedipus jumped onto the cart and killed him in his ang
24、er. Of the five servants who followed their master on foot, only one escaped narrowly. Little did Oedipus think that the man sitting in the cart was King Laicus, his father. Presently the young man arrived in the kingdom of Thebes. Round about this time, the Thebans were troubled by a woman-headed m
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