汉译英——医学英语翻译中常见错误[1]...doc
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1、如有侵权,请联系网站删除,仅供学习与交流汉译英医学英语翻译中常见错误1.【精品文档】第 9 页英语医学科技论文写作中的常见错误(I)国内英语医学科技论文,尤其是尚未经过编辑加工的稿件中几乎都存在许多各种各样的错误,下面是基于我们学校学报的作者来稿,总结的在在编辑工作中常见的一些错误。医学英语写作中用词方而的一些问题。1. 动词搭配不当,词不达意如“and mean survival days of the mice were improved (P0.05).”一句,谓语动词跟主语就搭配不当。习惯上,我们不讲“时间(the mean survival days)得到“改善(improve),只
2、讲时间“延长”或“缩短”了。因此,应把句中的谓语动词improved改为prolonged.2. 把及物动词当不及物动词用The alcohol acetylates easily一句,acetylate是及物动词,它的对象是alcohol,但这里用的是主动态,缺了宾语,应改为被动态才合acetylate的用法。故此句应改为The alcohol is acetylated easily.又如The esters hydrolyze with great difficulty.同理,应改写为The esters are hydrolyzed with great difficulty.Acet
3、ylate vt.加乙酰基于Hydrolyze v. 水解3. 把不及物动词当及物动词用英语中很多动词可既做不及物动词,又做及物动词用,但却不是所有的动词都有这样的特点,而且有时同一个词的及物和不及物用法会有意义上的差别。我们先看几个误用的例子: It has already been known that the meniscal(半月板的)arteries are originated from the 5 genicular(膝的) branches of the popliteal artery (腘动脉) and descending branch of the femoral ar
4、tery. Originate作“起源”解时是不及物动词,没有被动态,所以此句需变被动为主动语态,即去掉are。 However, the controversy for its diagnostic value has been continued. (continuedcontinuing) continue在这里是不及物动词,不能用被动语态。此句除词法错误外,从含义上讲也不应该用被动语态。 另外,常常在一些作者的文稿中见到在appear,exist , happen , occur等不及物动词后而带有宾语。4. 选词不当 A very similar phenotype(表型) is f
5、ound in patients with keratin(角蛋白) K16 gene variations. Ras oncogene and p53 gene hotspot variations in colorectal cancers. “基因突变”是一个比较定型的专业名词,“突变”一般用mutation表达。在作者的来稿中,常常能见到这样的句子:observed with/under electron microscopy或明was observed by electron microscope。这几种表达是错误的。microscopy和microscope虽然只一字母之差,但前者
6、指一种技术,后者指一种仪器。正确的表达如下: 用显微镜检查或观察. be examined / observed with /using/microscope; 在显微镜下检查或观察到:be examined observed under /in microscope; 使用显微镜技术检查或观察:examined /observed by /using microscopy. 例如: Virus target cells in the bursa, thymus, spleen, and bone marrow were examined by transmission electron mi
7、croscopy. Sloughing of the tracheal epithelium was visible by light microscopy. Specimens were embedded and examined using transmission electron microscopy and x ray microanalysis.5. 复合名词(名词连缀)组合不当 当名词用作定语时,实际上没有了数的概念而起着形容词的作用,不能用复数,所以不可以说mice peritoneal macrophages,而应该说mouse peritoneal macrophage(小
8、鼠腹腔巨噬细胞)。另外,有些名词如rate的定语是不能用形容词的,因为这类名词词组所表示的是某种事物的类别,而不是它的性质,所以我们通常不说pregnant rate而用pregnancy rate。 在医学领域里,复合名词的使用越来越多,合成词中的词序错误也很常见,如应将emission fluorescence intensity荧光强度改为fluorescence emission intensity,将epithelium cell malignancies改为epithelial malignancies。对于不常阅读相关专业英文文献的作者,要准确使用这种专业术语几乎是不可能的,所以
9、,广泛的阅读和平时的积累才是最终的解决办法。 如果平时阅读和积累不够的话,写论文时相关的文献一定要细读。6. 主语与表语搭配不当 如Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator is an important method to treat ventricular tachycardia in patients with structural heart diseases.“仪器”不是“方法”。另外,用不定式短语作method的定语也不妥。修改:在is前加therapy或改method为means ;改to treat为for treating. Implant
10、able cardioverter-defibrillator植入式复律除颤器7. abundant和rich很多人常常在表达“A中富含B”或“A中B物质很丰富”这类句意时出错,而错误往往是主语跟状语成分的倒置,如:细胞浆(A)中含有丰富的游离核糖体(B) 。 有人把它译成”Free ribosomes (B) is rich in the cytoplasm (A).”。 实际上,这种句子的含义是;A在某方而是很富有的。它的表达形式是:A is rich in B.因此,上句应改为”The cytoplasm is rich in free ribosomes.。又如: This fish
11、is rich in oil.这种鱼含油量大。 abundant虽也为“大量的”、“丰富的”之意,但在某些句子里用法与rich是相反的。如前而的例句Free ribosomes is abundant in the cytoplasm.是讲得通的。又如”In the pseudopod and cytoplasm projections, microtubulin(微管蛋白) was abundant and highly concentrated.是可以的;若用rich取代abundant,则此句可以改为:“The projections were rich in microtubulins
12、, which were highly concentrated.”若用There be句型表达则两词可以互换,如”there were abundant and highly concentrated microtubulins in the projections.8. 动词与介词搭配不当 动词与介词的搭配,由于绝大部分可从词典中查到,一般不太容易出错。错误常常发生在一个动词有多个介词搭配的时候,例如agree with与agree to / on ,根据其后续名词,究竟选择哪一个介词,就不是那么好决断的了。关于动词与介词的搭配,说实话,我也很多记不清楚,可以借助语料库。9. 名词与介词搭
13、配不当例句:The difficulty of doing research related to dehydration is that there is no good standard of determining the level of dehydration.此句中,第一个of应为in ,第一个of应为for.10. 复杂介词 based on.基于11. 对等翻译的例子比较常见,在医学论文中,尤其是在材料和方法部分表现得比较典型。如:“将pCEA424/2CAT大量扩增,以Hind III和BamH I酶切。在低熔点胶中回收纯化得到420 bp的CEA基因5端转录调控序列TRS片
14、段,克隆入pUC118的多克隆位点中;再以Hind III, EcoR I酶切得到Hind III-EcoR ICEA片段。”对这段话作者是这样翻译的: Amplified pCEA424/2CAT, digested with Hind III and BamH I,purified in low melting point agarose to harvest a 420 by 5TRS fragment of CEA, inserted into the polyclone sites of pUC118, digested with Hind III,EcoR I to harvest
15、 Hind III -EcoR I CEA fragment. 这段译文专业词汇选择还是比较得当的,但逻辑关系和动宾关系混乱不清。经分析整理,以下面的方式表达为好: pCEA424/2CAT was amplified in a large number, digested with Hind III and BamH I,and purified in low meltingpoint agarose to harvest a 420 by 5TRS fragment of CEA, which was then inserted into polyclone sites of pUC118
16、. The recombinant was digested with Hind III and EcoR I to harvest Hind III-EcoR ICEA fragments.12. “对称结构”不对称False-positive responses were found in 4 (10%) of the control group, and 8 (38%) in the HT group.(假阳性反应,在对照组有4(10%)例,高血压组8(38%)例。上句两相同状语结构未保持对应,应改为:False positive responses were found in 4 (1
17、0%) of the control group, and in 8 (38%) of the HT group.13. 词义或符号的重复 Each group was further randomly subdivided into 2 groups of 10 animals for the hemodynamic and hormonal(激素的) studies.and then put into hot water bathes of 93。C for 45 seconds, Compared with ultrasonic examination, CTSP could find
18、more foci than the former could. 下划线部分纯属多余,因为compared with已经有了这层意思,而且 the former指代不清。14. 结构混乱,因果关系不清楚When the ST response to exercise is normal or borderline, diagnostic criterion of SBP recovery ratio is used, it can increase sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the exercise test.(当运动试验ST段反应正常或
19、可疑时,使用这个指标能提高运动试验的敏感度、特异度和准确度。)这种英文表达方式既繁复,语义还不清楚,而且代词it所指也不明确。根据中文可改为:When the ST response to exercise is normal or borderline, using the diagnostic criterion for SBP recovery ratio can increase sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the exercise test.15. 逻辑错误 如:So it should be careful to use met
20、hylene blue for patients with pulmonary hypertension during NO inhalation therapy.(因此,对正在接受一氧化氮吸入治疗的肺高压病人,应慎用亚甲蓝。)在这里作者可能想用it作形式卞语来代替to use,但却是不合逻辑的,因为“To use is careful 讲不通。倒是可以说carefully use二。因此,这个句子应改为:Therefore, methylene blue should be administered carefully for pulmonary hypertension patients
21、receiving NO-inhalation therapy.16. 动名词后接of短语,并在动名词前加上一个不适当的the如:In view of these findings, comparison between results before and after synaptic blockade is necessary for些studying可the effects of transmitters or drugs.动名词能起名词作用,可以作介词的宾语,但又不完全等同于名词,因为它还有动作的含义,可以带自己的宾语。既然有动作含义,前加the,后加of都是错误的。17. 赘词性错误
22、有的句子要去掉一个或几个词才更精练,而有些句子要去掉一个或几个词才能成立。 The data of many foreign authors have suggested that there exists a close relationship between hepatitis C virus infection and development of primary hepatic carcinoma. Of 12 cases being subjected to Southern blot hybridization, HBV DNA was detected in 7 by this
23、 technique, in 10 by PCR and in 7 with both methods of DNA extraction, 过去分词subjected本身就有被动含义,而加了being后反而成了现在分词subjecting的被动态了。另外,“Of+总数”放在句首作状语,分句的主语应该是分数,这样才显得对称。因此,例除了去掉being之外,对整个句子的结构及用词也应作适当调整: Of the 12 patients subjected to Southern blot hybridization, 7 were detected having HB V DNA bythis t
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