通过设计使制造业可持续发展(英文).docx
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1、Remanufactured products can save up to 98% of CO2 emissions compared to equivalent new products, and significantly support our vision of a zero-waste stream. Encouragingly, as a business, remanufacturing already represents a30 billion market in Europe. Yet in the sectors surveyed, remanufacturing re
2、presents approximately 2% (by value) of the manufacturing equivalent. It is probably significantly higher than 2% in the defence sector, which, for reasons of security, is excluded in many analyses. The 2% estimate has been confirmed by a similar earlier study in the USA.3 Almost all remanufacturing
3、 activity is within the business-to-business(B2B) sector, which raisesthequestion of whether the sector can be expanded both within the B2B sector and in the business-to-consumer (B2C) sector.The challenge perhaps is how to imitate the effort made since the 1980s to increase the rate of some specifi
4、c material recycling from less than 5% to something closer to 50% today, which required developments in technology, education and policy. There are numerous technical challenges to increasing the level of Re-X associated with advanced manufacturing. Current products and manufacturing processes are g
5、enerally not designed with any Re-X in mind. Furthermore, at product end-of-life, there is a lack of reliable tools to assess the product condition and the potential for Re-X.4 From a starting point of less than 2%, it may be possible to make better use of product value retention through reuse, rema
6、nufacturing and material recycling a more integral aspect of the economic model.Source: Victoria State Government, sustainability/circulareconomyReuse, remanufacturing and recycling - a hidden pathway to a more circular economyAlthough more than 50% of the worlds total energy is consumed by manufact
7、uring-related activities, advanced manufacturing technologies offer companies dramatic opportunities to boost productivity and competitiveness while simultaneously reducing the environmental impact of manufacturing.Digital infrastructuresenabling efficient manufacturing, longer product life and prac
8、tical resource recovery are the backbone ofthe Fourth Industrial Revolution.1 A perfect example is the use of new technologies to allow design processes for reuse, remanufacturing and recycling (uRe-X5,)2to complementlonger product lifetimes. Advanced manufacturing technologies can support Re-X; for
9、 instance, additive engineering is being applied to engine and turbine remanufacture, and robotic disassembly tocomponentssuch as automotive transmission control systems and telecom equipment.The current paper focuses on the education and policy aspects of making Re-X an integral part of product des
10、ign, manufacturing processes and consumer culture. With global temperatures remaining on course to likely exceed the catastrophic 2QC increase, action by the manufacturing sector remains too slow. If the remanufacturing opportunity were seized by companies and policy-makers, the manufacturing sector
11、would contribute dramatically to the reduction of CO2 emissions. A key enabler will be a change in thinking via education, and encouragementof Re-X by policy.To seize the potential of new technologies and accelerate the sustainability agenda, the World Economic Forum Global Future Council on Advance
12、d Manufacturing and Production (GFC) identified a series of existing programmes that could be accelerated, and developed a set of recommendations to help remove existing constraints and provide new incentives to allow remanufacturing, reuse and recycling to take off.Existing initiatives in support o
13、f reuse, remanufacturing and recyclingThe regulatory frameworks and business models of the past century have generally incentivized the traditional production and consumption model of the current linear economy and not the one of ushare and care”. The entire recycling, reuse and remanufacturing goal
14、 is hampered by the business model of designing for a limited life without upgradability or repairability, leading to short-term product replacement, less value to consumers, and waste, including toxic waste, in landfills and oceans around the world.A number of policies over the past few decades hav
15、e been devised to encourage and support Re-X. The earliest examples were primarily locally driven efforts towards recycling, which included significant aspects of consumer education. As mentioned earlier, this has been successful in increasing the recycling of some materials to as high as 50%, More
16、recently, there have been initiatives to decrease the environmental impact through practices, policy and education to support all aspects of Re-X, which might serve as models for future work.Some policies, such as the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) directive, had an indirect but arguably
17、 positive effect on all aspects of Re-X. RoHS applied to electrical and electronic products sold in the EU and thus had a global impact on manufacturers, increasing the recyclability of products by removing the burden of hazardous materials.5 Similarly, the Basel Convention, designed to minimize the
18、 amount and toxicity of wastes generated, was amended in 2019 to make global trade in plastic waste more transparent and better regulated. This regulation will hopefully stimulate consideration of end-of- life issues during the design of products.6 Similarly, Right to Repair legislation,7 under cons
19、ideration in Europe and in some US states, is intended to reduce volumes of waste and push manufacturers to make dependable, longer-life products that are easier to maintain. Manufacturers would also have to offer replacement parts, and in some cases repair goods when they fail.Note that the above p
20、olicies and regulations are relatively new and their impacts are yet to be fully determined.A number of opportunities supporting education and the provision of design tools have been developed by a variety of non-profit and business organizations. Green Business Certification, a third-party verifica
21、tion organization, has since 2017 administered “TRUE Zero Waste55 certification, a programme for businesses to assess performance in reducing waste and maximizing resource efficiency.The Designed for Discard (D4D) programme of the Environmental Research and Education Foundation promotes research and
22、 educational initiatives to promote recycling practices of manufactured products. D4D provides opportunities to transform the way manufacturers, brands, retailers, waste companies and consumers work together to recover maximum economic and environmental value from waste materials.8 Prize competition
23、s, such as the US Department of Energys aBattery Recycling Prize have been shown to be effective in stimulating novel approaches to the challenges in this arena.More corporations are developing programmes to enable better transparency and environmental stewardship through labelling of products and e
24、ducating their customers. For example, Schneider Electric developed its Green Premium programme, with a target to cover 75% of its sales by 2020, so that customers have a clear understanding of both the environmental and business impacts of their choices. The programme also allows Schneider and its
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