电气自动化 专业 毕业设计英文翻译17489.docx
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1、无锡科技职业学院 中英文翻译Computer control technology1 Computer structure and function This section introduces the internal architecture of a computer and describes how instructions are stored and interpreted and explains how the instruction execution cycle is broken down into its various components. Att the mo
2、st basicc leveel, a compuuter ssimplyy execcutes binarry-codded reesultss. For a generral-puurposee proggrammaable ccomputter, ffour nnecesssary eelemennts arre thee memoory, ccentraal proocessiing unnit (CCPU, oor simmply pprocesssor), an eexternnal prrocesssor buus, annd an inputt/outpput syystem
3、as inndicatted inn Fig.3-1 A-1. Fig. 3-1A-1 Basicc elemments of a compuuter Thhe memmory sstoress insttructiions aand daata. Thhe CPUU readds andd inteerpretts thee insttructiions, readss the data requiired bby eacch insstructtion, execuutes tthe acction requiired bby thee insttructiion, aand sttore
4、s the rresultts bacck in memorry. One off the actioons thhat iss requuired of thhe CPUU is tto reaad datta froom or writee dataa to aan extternall deviice. TThis iis carrried out uusing the iinput/outpuut sysstem. Thhe extternall proccessorr bus is a set oof eleectricc condductorrs thaat carrries da
5、ta, addrress aand coontroll infoormatiion beetweenn the otherr compputer elemeents.1-1 Thee memoory Thhe memmory oof a ccomputter coonsistts of a sett of seqquentiially numbeered llocatiions. Each llocatiion iss a reegisteer in whichh binaary innformaation can bbe stoored. The “numbeer” of aa locaat
6、ion is caalled its aaddresss. The loowest addreess iss 0. TThe maanufaccturerr defiines aa wordd lenggth foor thee proccessorr thatt is aan inttegrall numbber off locaationss longg. In eacch worrd thee bitss can repreesent eitheer datta or instrructioons. FFor thhe Inttel 80086/877 and Motorrola MMC
7、68000 micrroproccessorrs, a word is 166 bitss longg, butt eachh memoory loocatioon hass onlyy 8 biits annd thuus twoo 8-biit loccationns musst be accesssed tto obttain eeach ddata wword. Inn ordeer to use tthe coontentts of memorry, thhe proocessoor musst fettch thhe conntentss of tthe riight llocat
8、iion. TTo carrry ouut a ffetch, the proceessor placees (ennabless) thee binaary-cooded aaddresss of the ddesireed loccationn ontoo the addreess liines oof thee exteernal proceessor bus. The meemory then allowws thee conttents of thhe adddresseed memmory llocatiion too be rread bby thee proccessorr.
9、The prrocesss of ffetchiing thhe conntentss of aa memoory loocatioon doees nott alteer thee conttents of thhat loocatioon. Innstrucctionss in mmemoryy Insttructiions sstoredd in mmemoryy are fetchhed byy the CPU aand unnless progrram brranchees occcur, tthey aare exxecuteed in the ssequennce thhey a
10、pppear in meemory. An insstructtion wwritteen as a binnary ppatterrn is calleed a mmachinne-lannguagee insttructiion. OOne waay to achieeve meeaninggful ppatterrns iss to ddividee up tthe biits innto fiields as inndicatted inn Fig. 3-1AA-2, wwith eeach ffield contaainingg a coode foor a ddifferrent
11、ttype oof infformattion.Fig. 3-1A-2 Arranngemennt of progrram annd datta in memorry Eacch insstructtion iin ourr simpple coomputeer cann be ddivideed up into four fieldds of 4 bitts eacch. Eaach innstrucction can ccontaiin opeeratioon codde (orr opcoode, eeach iinstruuctionn has a uniique oopcodee),
12、 opperandd addrress, immeddiate operaands, brancch adddress. In a reaal insstructtion sset thhere aare maany moore innstrucctionss. Theere iss alsoo a muuch laarge nnumberr of mmemoryy locaationss in wwhich to sttore iinstruuctionns andd dataa. In orderr to iincreaase thhe nummber oof memmory llocat
13、iions, the aaddresss fieelds aand heence tthe innstrucctionss mustt be llongerr thann 16 bbits iif we use tthe saame appproacch. Thhere aare a numbeer of ways to inncreasse thee addrressinng rannge off the microoproceessor withoout inncreassing tthe innstrucction lengtth: vaariablle insstructtion ff
14、ield, multtiwordd insttructiions, multiiple aaddresssing modess, varriablee insttructiion leength. We wwill nnot diiscusss themm in ddetaill. Datta in memorry datta is inforrmatioon thaat is repreesenteed in memorry as a codde. Foor effficiennt usee of tthe meemory spacee and proceessingg timee, mos
15、st commputerrs proovide the ccapabiility of maanipullatingg dataa of ddifferrent llengthhs andd reprresenttationns in memorry. Thhe varrious diffeerent repreesentaationss recoognizeed by the pprocesssor aare caalled its ddata ttypes. The data typess normmally used are: bit, binarry-codded deecimall
16、digiit (4-bit nnibblee, BCDD), byyte (88 bitss), woord (22 bytees), ddoublee wordd (4 bbytes). Somme proocessoors prrovidee insttructiions tthat mmanipuulate otherr dataa typees succh as singlle-preecisioon flooatingg-poinnt datta typpes (332bitss) andd doubble-prrecisiion flloatinng-poiint daata ty
17、ypes (64 biits). Theree is aanotheer typpe of datacharaacter data. It iis alsso usuually repreesenteed in 8 bitts. Eaach coomputeer terrminall key and kkey coombinaation (suchh as sshift and ccontrool funnctionns) onn a sttandarrd terrminall keybboard has aa 7-biits coode deefinedd by tthe Ammericaa
18、n Staandardd Codee for Inforrmatioon Intterchaange (ASCIII). Tyype off memoory Inn the appliicatioons off digiital ccontrool sysstem, we allso cooncernned wiith thhe chaaracteeristiics off diffferentt memoory teechniqques. For pprimarry memmory, we neeed itt to bbe stoored iinformmationn tempporarii
19、ly annd to be wrrittenn and got iinformmationn fromm succcessivve or from widelly diffferennt loccationns. Thhis tyype meemory is caalled randoom-acccess mmemoryy (RAMM). Inn somee casee we ddo nott wantt the inforrmatioon in memorry to be loost. SSo we are wwillinng to use sspeciaal tecchniquues to
20、o writte intto memmory. If wrritingg is aaccompplisheed onlly oncce by physiicallyy channging conneectionns, thhe memmory iis callled aa readd-onlyy memoory (RROM). If thhe intterconnnectiion paatternn can be prrogrammmed tto be set, the mmemoryy is ccalledd a prrogrammmablee readd-onlyy memoory (PP
21、ROM). If rrewritting ccan bee accoomplisshed wwhen iit is necesssary, we hhave aan eraasablee proggrammaable rread-oonly mmemoryy (EPRROM). An ellectroonicallly errasablle PROOM is abbreeviateed EEPPROM. 1-2 Thee CPU The CPUs jobb is tto fettch innstrucctionss fromm memoory annd exeecute thesee inst
22、tructiions. The sttructuure off the CPU iis shoown inn Fig. 3-1AA-3. Itt has four main compoonentss: an arithhmeticc and logiccal unnit (AALU), a sett of rregistters, an innternaal proocessoor buss and contrrollerr.Fig.3-11A-3 CCentraal proocessiing unnit (CCPU) Thhese aand otther ccomponnents of th
23、he CPUU and theirr partticipaation in thhe insstructtion ccycle are ddescriibed iin thee folllowingg secttions. Ariithmettic annd Loggical Unit (ALU) The ALLU proovidess a wiide arrithmeetic ooperattions, inclludingg add, subttract, multtiply, and dividde. It cann alsoo perfform BBooleaan loggic opp
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