(4.1)--supplementarymaterial1.pdf
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1、Deductive and Inductive Reasoning The two major types of reasoning,deductive and inductive,refer to the process by which someone creates a conclusion as well as how they believe their conclusion to be true.Deductive reasoning requires one to start with a few general ideas,called premises,and apply t
2、hem to a specific situation.Recognized rules,laws,theories,and other widely accepted truths are used to prove that a conclusion is right.The concept of deductive reasoning is often expressed visually using a funnel that narrows a general idea into a specific conclusion.In practice,the most basic for
3、m of deductive reasoning is the syllogism,where two premises that share some idea support a conclusion.It may be easier to think of syllogisms as the following theorem:If A=B and C=A,then B=C.Deductive Reasoning in Theory:General Ideas Specific Conclusion Deductive Reasoning in Theory:A is B C is A
4、Therefore,B is C.Deductive Reasoning in Practice:All muscles are made out of living tissue.All humans have muscles.Therefore,all humans are made out of living tissue.Note that the above paragraph states that the premises prove the conclusion,not justify it.Deductive reasoning is meant to demonstrate
5、 that the conclusion is absolutely true based on the logic of the premises.Compare the following syllogisms:All musical instruments make sounds.Airplanes make sounds.Therefore,airplanes are musical instruments.All art is an imitation of nature.Music is art.Therefore,music is an imitation of nature.T
6、he syllogism on the left contains two objectively true premises,but its conclusion is false because it is possible for airplanes and instruments to be totally separate entities while still having the same properties.The syllogism on the right takes premises that overlap and uses them to prove that a
7、 statement is definitely true.Although deductive arguments rarely come in the exact form of a syllogism,the same thought process can be used to evaluate their strength and create counterarguments.You can more easily imagine the above syllogisms like this:ThingsThatMakeSoundsAirplanesInstrumentsNatur
8、eArtMusicCreated Fall 2016 by Ronald Wilson Inductive reasoning uses a set of specific observations to reach an overarching conclusion;it is the opposite of deductive reasoning.So,a few particular premises create a pattern which gives way to a broad idea that is likely true.This is commonly shown us
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