HistoryofWesternCivilizationbefo (69).pdf
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1、7.5 Science and culture in the 17th century1.After the end of the Renaissance period,the 17th century Europe witnessed a new intellectual revolution:the Scientific Revolution.It was aseries of events that marked the emergence and development of modern science including mathematics,physics,astronomy,
2、biology and chemistry.The explanation of the universe and the natural world by Aristotle became questionable.The main characteristics of the Science Revolution arematerialistic and mathematical.This revolution was supported by kings and noblemen.Royal observatories and laboratories were created.In 1
3、662the English Royal Society was established and in 1666 the French academy of Science was established.2.Nicolaus Copernicus1473 1543.In 1543 in Nuremberg,Holy Roman Empire,Copernicuss book On the Revolutions of the HeavenlySpheres was published just before his death.It was written in Latin.This eve
4、nt was considered the beginning of the Scientific Revolution.Copernicus was born and died in Royal Prussia,a region that had been part of the Kingdom of Poland since 1466.He was a mathematician andastronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the cent
5、er of the universe.Aristotle believed that the sun,moon and planets are all faultless spheres and immune from decay,the earth is at the center of the Great Chain ofBeing.This view was called heliocentrism.Copernicus challenged this view.At rest,in the middle of everything is the sun.For in this most
6、beautiful temple who would place this lamp in another or better position than that from which it can light up the whole thing at the same time.His view is Heliocentrism,which states the Sun is the center of the universe.3.Tycho Brahe(1546 1601)was a Danish nobleman and astronomer.Supported by the ki
7、ng of Demark he built a large observatory.He hasbeen described as the first competent mind in modern astronomy to feel ardently the passion for exact empirical facts.His observations were fivetimes more accurate than the best available observations at the time.He believed that all planets but the ea
8、rth revolved around the sun and the sunrevolved around a fixed earth.Johannes Kepler(1571 1630)was Brahes student,a German astronomer,mathematician,and astrologer.Astrologer is someone whopredicts the future by the positions of the planets and sun and moon.At that time there was no clear distinction
9、 between astronomy and astrology.Kepler discovered that planets orbited the sun in an elliptical rather than a circular path.An ellipse is an oval or egg shape similar to a circle butlonger and flatter.He believed that the solar system was heliocentric and that the heavens,like the earth were made o
10、f matter and followed thephysical laws.This provided one of the foundations for Newtons theory of universal gravitation.In physics,gravitation is the force which causesobjects to be attracted towards each other because they have mass.4.Galileo Galilei(1564 1642)was an Italian astronomer,physicist an
11、d engineer.He has been called the father of observational astronomy,father of modern physics,father of the scientific method and father of modern science.Galileo studied speed,gravity and free fall,the principleof relativity,inertia,projectile motion.With a telescope he created he discovered four mo
12、ons of Jupiter,and spots on the sun.His greatestcontribution was his popularization of the Copernican theory.The Roman Catholic Church tried him and forced him to recant his views and hespent the rest of his life under house arrest.5.Giordano Bruno(1548 1600)was an Italian Dominican friar,philosophe
13、r,mathematician,poet,and cosmological theorist.He was asupporter of Copernicus,and proposed that the stars were distant suns surrounded by their own planets,and he raised the possibility that theseplanets might foster life of their own.Bruno was tried for heresy by the Roman Inquisition on charges o
14、f denial of several core Catholic doctrines,including eternal damnation,the Trinity,the divinity of Christ,the virginity of Mary.In 1600 the Inquisition found him guilty,and he was burned atthe stake in a public square called field of flowers in Rome.He died as a martyr for truth and science.We can
15、see there is a statue of Brunothere.6.Sir Isaac Newton(16421727)was an English mathematician,physicist,astronomer and theologian,and natural philosopher,professor atTrinity College,University of Cambridge.He was also a FRS,Fellow of the Royal Society,and a PRS,president of the Royal Society.He iswid
16、ely recognized as one of the most influential scientists of all time,the most important figure in the scientific revolution.The publication of hisMathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy simply called Principia in 1687 was considered the completion of the Scientific Revolution.Itwas a work in t
17、hree books written in Latin.The work formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation thereby completing the synthesis of anew cosmology.Newton himself often told the story that he was inspired to formulate his theory of gravitation by watching the fall of an apple froma tree.Voltaire wrote S
18、ir Isaac Newton walking in his gardens,had the first thought of his system of gravitation,upon seeing an apple falling froma tree.He was a devout,but unorthodox Christian who privately rejected the doctrine of the Trinity;he refused to take holy orders in the Church ofEngland.Let Plato be your frien
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