What is English(英语语言发展史).docx
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1、What is English?History of the English LanguageA short history of the origins and development of EnglishThe history of the English language really started with the arrival of three Germanic tribes who invaded Britain during the 5th century AD. These tribes, the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes, cros
2、sed the North Sea from what today is Denmark and northern Germany. At that time the inhabitants of Britain spoke a Celtic language. But most of the Celtic speakers were pushed west and north by the invaders - mainly into what is now Wales, Scotland and Ireland. The Angles came from Englaland and the
3、ir language was called Englisc - from which the words England and English are derived.Germmaniic iinvaaderrs eenteeredd Brritaain on thee eaast andd soouthh cooastts iin tthe 5thh ceentuury.Old Engglissh (4500-11100 AD)Partt off Beeowuulf, a poeem wwritttenn inn Olld EEngllishh.The invvadiing Gerrma
4、nnic triibess sppokee siimillar lannguaagess, wwhicch iin BBrittainn deevellopeed iintoo whhat we noww caall Oldd Enngliish. Olld EEngllishh diid nnot souund or loook llikee Enngliish todday. Naativve EEngllishh sppeakkerss noow wwoulld hhavee grreatt diiffiicullty unddersstanndinng OOld Engglissh.
5、Nevvertthellesss, aabouut hhalff off thhe mmostt coommoonlyy ussed worrds in Moddernn Enngliish havve OOld Engglissh rrootts. Thee woordss bee, sttronng aand watter, foor eexammplee, dderiive froom OOld Engglissh. Oldd Enngliish wass sppokeen uuntiil aarouund 11000. Midddle Engglissh (11000-115000)A
6、n eexammplee off Miiddlle EEngllishh byy Chhauccer.In 110666 Wiilliiam thee Coonquueroor, thee Duuke of Norrmanndy (paart of moddernn Frrancce), innvadded andd coonquuereed EEngllandd. TThe neww coonquueroors (caalleed tthe Norrmanns) brooughht wwithh thhem a kkindd off Frrencch, whiich beccamee thh
7、e llangguagge oof tthe Royyal Couurt, annd tthe rullingg annd bbusiinesss cclasssess. FFor a pperiiod theere wass a kinnd oof llingguissticc cllasss diivissionn, wwherre tthe lowwer claassees sspokke EEngllishh annd tthe uppper claassees sspokke FFrennch. Inn thhe 114thh ceentuury Engglissh bbecaame
8、 domminaant in Briitaiin aagaiin, butt wiith manny FFrennch worrds addded. Thhis lannguaage is callledd Miiddlle EEngllishh. IIt wwas thee laanguuagee off thhe ggreaat ppoett Chhauccer (c113400-14400), bbut it wouuld stiill be diffficcultt foor nnatiive Engglissh sspeaakerrs tto uundeersttandd tooda
9、yy. Modeern EngglisshEarlly MModeern Engglissh (15000-118000)Hamllets ffamoous Too bee, oor nnot to be liiness, wwritttenn inn Eaarlyy Mooderrn EEngllishh byy Shhakeespeearee.Towaardss thhe eend of Midddlee Enngliish, a sudddenn annd ddisttincct cchannge in proonunnciaatioon (thee Grreatt Voowell Sh
10、hiftt) sstarrtedd, wwithh voowells bbeinng ppronnounncedd shhortter andd shhortter. Frrom thee 166th cennturry tthe Briitissh hhad conntacct wwithh maany peooplees ffromm arrounnd tthe worrld. Thhis, annd tthe Rennaisssannce of Claassiicall leearnningg, mmeannt tthatt maany neww woordss annd pphraas
11、ess ennterred thee laanguuagee. TThe invventtionn off prrinttingg allso meaant thaat ttherre wwas noww a commmonn laanguuagee inn prrintt. BBookks bbecaame cheeapeer aand morre ppeopple leaarneed tto rreadd. PPrinntinng aalsoo brrougght staandaardiizattionn too Enngliish. Sppelllingg annd ggrammmarr
12、 beecamme ffixeed, andd thhe ddiallectt off Loondoon, wheere mosst ppubllishhingg hoousees wweree, bbecaame thee sttanddardd. IIn 116044 thhe ffirsst EEngllishh diictiionaary wass puubliisheed.Latee Mooderrn EEngllishh (118000-Prreseent)The maiin ddifffereencee beetweeen Earrly Moddernn Enngliish an
13、dd Laate Moddernn Enngliish is voccabuularry. Latte MModeern Engglissh hhas manny mmoree woordss, aarissingg frrom twoo prrinccipaal ffacttorss: ffirsstlyy, tthe Inddusttriaal RRevooluttionn annd ttechhnollogyy crreatted a nneedd foor nnew worrds; seeconndlyy, tthe Briitissh EEmpiire at itss heeighh
14、t ccoveeredd onne qquarrterr off thhe eeartthss suurfaace, annd tthe Engglissh llangguagge aadopptedd fooreiign worrds froom mmanyy coounttriees.Variietiies of EngglisshFromm arrounnd 116000, tthe Engglissh ccoloonizzatiion of Norrth Ameericca rresuulteed iin tthe creeatiion of a ddisttincct AAmerri
15、caan vvariietyy off Enngliish. Soome Engglissh ppronnuncciattionns aand worrds frrozee wwhenn thhey reaacheed AAmerricaa. IIn ssomee waays, Ammeriicann Enngliish is morre llikee thhe EEngllishh off Shhakeespeearee thhan moddernn Brritiish Engglissh iis. Somme eexprresssionns tthatt thhe BBrittishh c
16、aall Ammeriicannismms aree inn faact oriiginnal Briitissh eexprresssionns tthatt weere preeserrvedd inn thhe ccolooniees wwhille llostt foor aa tiime in Briitaiin (forr exxampple traash forr ruubbiish, looan as a vverbb innsteead of lennd, andd faall forr auutummn; anootheer eexammplee, fframme-uup,
17、 wass ree-immporrtedd innto Briitaiin tthrooughh Hoollyywoood gganggsteer mmoviies). SSpannishh allso hadd ann innfluuencce oon AAmerricaan EEngllishh (aand subbseqquenntlyy Brritiish Engglissh), wiith worrds likke ccanyyon, raanchh, sttamppedee annd vvigiilannte beiing exaamplles of Spaanissh wword
18、ds tthatt ennterred Engglissh tthrooughh thhe ssetttlemmentt off thhe AAmerricaan WWestt. FFrennch worrds (thhrouugh Louuisiianaa) aand Wesst AAfriicann woordss (tthrooughh thhe sslavve ttradde) alsso iinflluenncedd Ammeriicann Enngliish (annd sso, to an exttentt, BBrittishh Enngliish).Todaay, Ameer
19、iccan Engglissh iis ppartticuularrly infflueentiial, duue tto tthe USAAs domminaancee off ciinemma, telleviisioon, poppulaar mmusiic, traade andd teechnnoloogy (inncluudinng tthe Intternnet). BBut theere aree maany othher varriettiess off Enngliish arooundd thhe wworlld, inccluddingg foor eexammplee
20、 Auustrraliian Engglissh, Neww Zeealaand Engglissh, Cannadiian Engglissh, Souuth Afrricaan EEngllishh, IIndiian Engglissh aand Carribbbeann Enngliish.The Gerrmannic Fammilyy off LaanguuageesEnngliish is a mmembber of thee Geermaanicc faamilly oof llangguagges.Gerrmannic is a bbrannch of thee Inndo-E
21、urropeean lannguaage fammilyy.A brrieff chhronnoloogy of EngglisshBC 555Romaan iinvaasioon oof BBrittainn byy Juuliuus CCaessar.Locaal iinhaabittantts sspeaak CCelttishhBC 443Romaan iinvaasioon aand occcupaatioon. Begginnningg off Roomann ruule of Briitaiin.436Romaan wwithhdraawall frrom Briitaiin c
22、compplette.449Setttlemmentt off Brritaain by Gerrmannic invvadeers begginss450-4800Earlliesst kknowwn OOld Engglissh iinsccripptioons.Old Engglissh10666Willliamm thhe CConqquerror, Duuke of Norrmanndy, innvaddes andd coonquuerss Ennglaand.c11550Earlliesst ssurvviviing mannusccrippts in Midddlee Enng
23、liish.Midddle Engglissh13488Engllishh reeplaacess Laatinn ass thhe llangguagge oof iinsttrucctioon iin mmostt scchoools.13622Engllishh reeplaacess Frrencch aas tthe lannguaage of laww. EEngllishh iss ussed in Parrliaamennt ffor thee fiirstt tiime.c13888Chauucerr sttartts wwrittingg Thhe CCantterbbur
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