大数据与城市规划 (16).pdf
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1、ArticleUrban Analytics andCity ScienceDoes block size matter?The impact of urbandesign on economicvitality for Chinese citiesAbstractThe influence of urban design on economic vitality has been analyzed by a number of researchers andis also a key focus of many planning/design theories.However,most qu
2、antitative studies are based onjust one city or a small set of cities,rather than a large number of cities that are representative of anentire country.With the increasing availability of new data,we aim to alleviate this gap by examiningthe impact of urban design upon economic vitality for the 286 l
3、argest cities in China by looking at agrid of geographical units that are 1km by 1km.We use these units and a set of new data(emergingbig data and new data that reflecting urban developments and human mobility)to look at the impactof urban form indicators,such as intersection density(urban design),l
4、evel of mixed use,and accessto amenities and transportation,on economic vitality represented by activities using social mediadata.Our results show that these urban design indicators have a significant and positive relationshipwith levels of economic vitality for cities at every administrative level.
5、The results contribute to aholistic understanding of how to improve economic vitality in cities across China at a detailed level,particularly at a time when Chinas economic growth will depend largely on growth of the servicesector in urban areas.We think these results can help decision makers,develo
6、pers,and planners/designers to improve economic vitality in cities across China.KeywordsConsumption vitality,intersection density,block size,big/open data,ChinaIntroductionThe contribution of urban design principles to vibrant and prosperous cities,particularly itsimpact on urban vitality,1has becom
7、e common belief.Pioneering urbanists like JacobsCorresponding author:Ying Long,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China.Email:EPB:Urban Analytics and CityScience2019,Vol.46(3)406422!The Author(s)2017Article reuse guidelines: Lefebvre(1995)were among the first to specify the features of good urban de
8、sign(e.g.small blocks)and how it cultivates community,sociocultural vibrancy,and healthyneighborhoods.Other influential urbanists such as Gehl(1971),Lynch(1981),Montgomery(1998),and Whyte(1980)also established new ground on ways to understand urbanvibrancy.Urbanists like Jacobs and Gehl,along with t
9、he New Urbanists,broadlypromoted pedestrian-friendly,compact,walkability,and mixed-use neighborhoods(Katzet al.,1994).Since the advent of these urbanists,there has been extensive and qualitativediscussion on how good urban design promotes the formation of lively city and urbanvitality.The variables
10、that we quantitatively analyze in this paperintersection density,level of mixed use,access to amenities and transportationare aimed at using data toconfirm the beliefs of these great urban thinkers.This paper aims to quantitatively explore the relationship of urban design by looking atthe impact of
11、variables such as intersection density,level of mixed use,and access toamenities and transportation,with economic vitality.We are particularly interested inexploring the answers to the following two questions:(1)Do urban design principlespositively associate with vibrant cities in terms of economy?H
12、ow much is a variable suchas intersection density correlating with economic vitality compared to other factors?(2)Doesthis relationship vary across cities of different administrative levels?It should be noted that itis not easy to derive any causal relationship between the variables and economic vit
13、ality dueto data source limitation in this paper.We believe the correlation analysis in this paper is afirst step toward this final destination.This paper aims to fill a gap in existing studies by using granular data to analyze 286 ofthe largest cities in China.Of all the countries in the world,Chin
14、as urbanization rate isamong the highest and its urban population is also among the largest.We use ordinary leastsquares(OLS)to look at the comparative impact of each urban design variable on economicvitality.We use social media comments,sign-ins,and housing price data as proxies foreconomic vitalit
15、y.Our analysis includes spatial variables such as intersection density,level of mixed use,access to amenities,and access to transportation.Our results showthat intersection density has a significant and unique impact on economic vitality,evenwhen controlling for variables such as point of interest(P
16、OI)density and populationdensity.We also find that other spatial variables such as level of mixed use,access toamenities,and access to transportation also have a significant effect on economic vitality.This paper is organized as follows.The next section provides a review of the literature onthistopi
17、c,lookingatrelevantliteraturewhilealsodemonstratingtheemergingconsensus around the results of our analysis.Data section describes our dataset indetail and Results section presents our regression results.The final section concludeswith suggestions for future research.Literature reviewThe widespread u
18、se of new data sources,including mobile phone traces,publictransportation smartcard records,social media data,and geo-tagged data,has created thepossibility to understand how urban design impacts economic vitality(Zhou and Long,2016).These data sources allow researchers to have a more granular and h
19、uman-scaleunderstanding of how people experience cities with increased accuracy,consistency,anddetail(Dunkel,2015).Our literature review shows that while urban form indicators havebeen widely analyzed,there have only been a handful of studies that look at the impact ofurban design on urban or econom
20、ic vitality2through quantitative analysis.More detailedreviews are as follows.Long and Huang407We find several specific studies that connect urban design with urban(especiallyeconomic)vitality.One study(De Nadai et al.,2016)targets six cities in Italy and aims toconfirm four of Jane Jacobs principle
21、s for urban vitality using mobile phone data.Two ofthe principles overlap with our indicators(mixed use and intersection density)and the studyfinds that both of these characteristics have a significant effect on economic vitality.JaneJacobss principles are also examined by Sung et al.(2015),using th
22、e conventional householdtravel survey,by examining their role on pedestrian activity and evidence that they have apositive impact are found in Seoul,Korea.Similar studies supported by urban GIS andemerging new data have been conducted in individual Chinese cities,like Beijing by Longand Zhou(2016)us
23、ing mobile phone data,Wu et al.(2016)using mobile phone positioningrecords,and Zheng et al.(2016)using catering establishment data,Shenzhen by Yue et al.(2017)using mobile phone data,and Shanghai by Shen and Karimi(2017)using housingprice records.Most of the aforementioned publications in this parag
24、raph are for a single cityor a limited number of cities.For example,De Nadai et al.(2016)looked at six cities,ratherthan having an aggregate view of all the cities in a country.These aforementioned studies areall addressing the role of urban form on population density represented social vitality,wit
25、hShen and Karimi(2017)and Zheng et al.(2016)as two exceptions,rather economic vitalitywhich is the focus of this paper.Furthermore,we also notice that extensive studies usingspace syntax,focusing on a single city as well,are discussing the relationship betweenstreet pattern indicators like integrati
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