Anhydrous(无水的).ppt
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1、Chapter 7PipelinesBrief HistoryPlayed an important role in the transportation industry in the post-World War II era.Early in the twentieth century,the oil companies operated the pipelines as integrated subsidiaries and often used them to control the oil industry by not providing needed transportatio
2、n service to new producers.Significance of PipelinesPipelines are limited in the markets they serve and very limited in the commodities they can haul.The only mode with no backhaul,;i.e.,they are unidirectional with products that only move in one direction through the line.Significance of PipelinesM
3、ore than 57.5 percent of the total intercity ton-miles shipped in the US in 1995.They are virtually unknown to the general public but represent a key component in our transportation system.P.195.Pipeline diameters have increased in recent years,and the larger diameters have increased capacity signif
4、icantly because of the increased volume that can move through the pipeline.Types of Carriers&OwnershipAlthough some private carriers exist today,the for-hire carriers dominate the industry as so called common carriers.Oil companies have been the principal owners of pipelines.Number of CarriersLike t
5、he railroad industry,the pipeline has a small number of very large carriers that dominate the industry.20 major integrated oil companies control control about two-thirds of the crude oil pipeline mileage.Number of CarriersReasons for the limited number of pipeline companies.Start-up costs are high.L
6、ike railroads and public utilities,the economies of scale are such that duplication or parallel competing lines would be uneconomicA 12-inch pipeline operating at capacity can transport three times as much oil as an eight-inch pipeline.Oil CarriersP.197.Intercity ton-miles increased to 628 billion i
7、n 1997.The reported operating revenue decreased from 1985 to 1992 by almost 4 percent.However,oil pipelines play a major role in our transportation network,because they transport more than 20 percent of the total intercity ton-miles.Natural Gas CarriersThe movement data for natural gas are presented
8、 in cubic feet,rather than ton-miles.P.197.Shows that operating revenues also decreased in 1985 with the decline of the volume moved.Commodities HauledVery specialized carrier in that they transport a very limited variety of products.Four main commodities hauled areOil and oil productsNatural gasCoa
9、l chemicalsOil and Oil Products1994,crude oil and oil products accounted for approximately 57 percent of total pipeline use.(Table 7.6)The split by modes between pipeline and water carrier has changed for several reasons.Alaskan=Panama=Atlantic CoastWest Coast To MidwestLength of haul is medium comp
10、ared to other modes.Crude oil movements average about 800 miles per shipment,and product lines average about 400 miles per movement.Buy size is large.Natural GasAccount for the second largest number of miles of intercity pipelines 266,900 miles.(Table 7.7,Page 199)The natural gas companies produce a
11、bout 10 percent of the gas they transport.Independent companies produce the remaining 90 percent.CoalCoal pipelines are frequently called slurry lines because the coal is moved in a pulverized form in water(one-to-one ratio by weight)Remove the water once it arrived and the coal is ready to use.Prim
12、arily used for transporting coal to utility companies for generating electricity.Use enormous quantities of waterSome states are a scarcity of waterThe water is not reusable(no backhaul)ChemicalsA limited number of different types of chemicals are carried by pipelines.Three major chemicals areAnhydr
13、ous(無水的)ammonia for fertilizerPropylene(丙烯)used for manufacturing detergentsEthylene(乙烯)used for making antifreeze(防凍劑)Relative AdvantagesLow ratesAverage revenues for pipeline companies are below one-half of a cent per ton-mileHave a very good loss and damage record Types of products transportedUnd
14、erground and completely encased movementProvide a warehousing function because their service is slow(an average of three to five miles per hour)Relative DisadvantagesAlthough its slow speed can be considered an advantage due to its use as a free form of warehousing,in some instances the pipelines sl
15、ow speed can be considered a disadvantage.Like sometimes need to hold higher levels of inventory to compensate for possible shortages because the pipeline will not be able to deliver an extra amount of the product in a short period of time.Relative DisadvantagesOffer a relatively fixed route of serv
16、ice that cannot be easily extended to complete door-to-door service-limited accessibility.May not be a critical problem because the source of the pipelines and the location of the refineries are known and are fixed for a long period of time.Frequently,pipelines depend on railroads and motor carriers
17、 to complete delivery,which adds to user costs.Relative DisadvantagesLimited to a rather select number of products:crude oil,oil products,natural gas,coal,and a limited number of chemicals.There is interest in using pipelines for other products but the technology has not yet been fully developed.Cap
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