Lecture1.ppt
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1、English English LexicologyLexicologyWhat is language?lLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.It is a specific social action and a carrier of information.l语言是人类用于交流的一种任意的言语符号的系统。“Language is mans way of communication with his fellow man and It is language alone w
2、hich separate him from the lower animals”What is linguistics?lGenerally speaking,linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of language.To be more exact,linguistics studies the general principles upon which languages are constructed and operate as systems of human communication.l According t
3、o traditional classifications,linguistics consists of three branches:Phonetics,grammar and lexicology.What is linguistics?In the past few decades,especially since the 1960s,the field of linguistics has expanded,and today includes phonology,syntax,semantics,phonetics,morphology,lexicology,stylistics,
4、general linguistics,descriptive linguistics,contrastive linguistics,comparative linguistics,sociolinguistics,psycholinguistics,applied linguistics,computational linguistics and others.What is lexicology?lThe word lexicology contains two Greek morphemes:lexikon and logie,the former means“word”,the la
5、tter means“learning”,or“the study of”.So the literal meaning of the term means“the science of words”.lLexicology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language.It deals with words,their origin,development,structure,formation,meaning and usage.Word and vocab
6、ulary 词是语言的三要素之一。(问题:语言的要素包括哪些?)词汇是语言的建筑材料-“没有语法不能传达很多东西,没有词汇就不能传达何东西。”(Wilkins 1972)。“词汇习得是二语习得最中心的任务.”(Lewis 1993)。词汇在整个语言学习过程中的作用-听、说、读、写、译没有那一种语言技能能够脱离对词汇的依赖,没有了一定的词汇量作基础,学生语言能力的发展就成了无源之水,无本之木。Aims of the course:lGive a systematic description of the English vocabulary.lOffer an insight into the
7、origin and development of the English vocabulary.lDiscuss the problems of word-structure and word-formationlStudy the use of English words,their meanings and changes in meaning,their sense relations.课程学习目的课程学习目的l研究英语词汇形态、意义和整个词汇系统,学习词汇学知识,有助于总结整理所学过的词汇素材,有意识地扩大词汇量,加深对词语的理解,提高运用语言的能力。The significance
8、 of the course:lDevelop your personal vocabulary and consciously increase your word power(active vocabulary).lUnderstand word-meaning and organize,classify and store words more effectively.lRaise your awareness of meaning and usages,use words more accurately and appropriately.lDevelop your skills an
9、d habits of analyzing and generalizing linguistic phenomena in your learning experiences.lUltimately improve your receptive and productive skills in language processing as well as language production.Recommended Readings:l张维友,英语词汇学教程,华中师范大学出版社l陆国强,现代英语词汇学,上海外语教育出版社l刘毅,Vocabulary 10000,三环出版社/外语教学与研究出
10、版社v张韵斐,现代英语词汇学概论(An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology)。北京:北京师范大学出版社。vNation,I.S.P.1990.Teaching and Learning Vocabulary.Boston:Heinle&Heinle.vNation,I.S.P.2001.Learning Vocabulary in Another Language.Cambridge:CUP.GradinglHomework assignments and attendance:30%lFinal Exam:70%Chapter IEnglish
11、 Vocabulary:English Vocabulary:-A General Survey -A General SurveyI International EnglishHow many people are using E?About 2 billion people are using or learning-60%broadcasting50%of journals and newspapers90%information is stored in E on the Net.I International EnglishWho are using English?Native s
12、peakers(native language)People in Britain,the United States,Ireland,Australia,New Zealand,Canada,South Africa are native English speakers.The total population in these countries is about 400,000,000.I International EnglishWho are using English?How many people in the world take English as their secon
13、d Language or an official language?English is used as the(an)official language in government and education in such countries as India,Pakistan,Nepal,Sikkim,Burma,Malaysia,Singapore,Nigeria,Namibia,Ghana,Zimbabwe,Jamaica and so on.The population in these countries is about 750,000,000 I International
14、 EnglishWho are using English?The countries that take E as a FL includeChina,Korea,Japan-II Standard English the variety of the EL which is normally employed in writing and normally spoken by educated speakers,which students of English as a FL/SL are taught when they receive formal instruction Peter
15、 Trudgill,Jean HannahThe term Standard English refers to grammar and vocabulary(dialect)but not to pronunciation(accent).Word and VocabularylHow large is the English vocabulary?/How many words are there in English?lVocabulary of Oxford English Dictionary published 1928 is 414,829.lReports of the siz
16、e of the English vocabulary in the popular press have a very wide range:from 400,000 to 600,000 words(1983);200,000 words in common use.The discrepancy(is due largely to different definitions of a word,and so a study attempted to produce a more reliable estimate by using word families instead of wor
17、ds as the unit of counting.Word and VocabularylGoulden,Nation and Read(1990)counted the number of word families in Websters Third New International Dictionary,Of course,dictionaries cant contain every current word,but it still the best resource available for counting words.Goulden et al.found that t
18、he dictionary contained about 54,000 word families.This is a huge number of items(remember that each word family contains several words).Word and VocabularylThe vocabulary of native speakerslA research made in 1984 shows that the vocabulary for a undergraduate is about 20,000,for a high school stude
19、nt is about 17,000,for a junior middle school student is about 13,000,for a ten-year-old child,his vocabulary is about 7000.This suggests that first language learners add between 1000 and 2000 words per year.Your vocabulary is equal to that of a 9-year-old child.Some Interesting FactslThere is no eg
20、g in eggplant,nor ham in hamburger,Neither apple nor pine in pineapplelAnd while no one knows what is a hotdog,you can be pretty sure it isnt canine(犬类)lEnglish muffins(=hot muffins热松饼,美式早餐/英式午茶糕点)were not invented in England,Nor French-fries in France,(炸薯条);再如:lFrench window 落地窗,ltake French leave不
21、辞而别,擅自离开工作岗位lFrench grey浅灰色lSweetmeats(糖果);sweetbread(甜面包)?lIn English we find that quicksand can work slowly,Boxing rings(拳击赛台)are squarelAnd why is that writers write,but fingers dont fing,grocers dont groce,and hammers dont ham?lIf the plural of tooth is teeth,why isnt the plural of booth,beeth?O
22、ne goose,two geese,So,one moose(驼鹿),two meese?(复数形式仍然是moose);One mouse,two mice;One louse(虱子),two lice;One house?two hice?lIf teachers taught,why didnt preacher praught?(preached)lIf a vegetarian eats vegetables,what does a humanitarian eat?lWhy do people recite at a play,and play at a recital?Ship
23、by truck or car and send cargo by ship?(动词与动词的功能差异;为什么演话剧时人们要朗诵,而在独奏会上却要演奏:polysemy 一词多义)lHave noses that run and feet that smell?lPark on driveways and drive on parkways?l美国的房子周围有driveway(入户的车道):私人车道;parkway大路,干道)lHow can a slim chance and a fat chance be the same,while a wise man and a wise guy ar
24、e opposites?lYou fill in a form by filling it out.(collocation)lAnd an alarm clock goes off by going onlYou get in and out of a car,yet you get on and off a bus.lIf there is a phrase of“gold bar”,then what does“gold brick”mean?lAnd why,when I wind up my watch,I start it,But when 1 wind up this essay
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