lecture 1.ppt
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1、SyntaxLecture 1WelcomenWelcome to the field of linguistics and the class of syntax!Basic requirements nRegular attendancenActive participation in classroom activitiesnCompulsory reading and homeworknTerm PaperBibliography nCrystal,D.1980,A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics,Basil BlackwellnNapo
2、li,D.J.1993,Syntax:Theory and Problems,Oxford University PressnHaegeman,L.1991,Introduction to Government&Biding Theory,Basil BlackwellnRadford,A.1997,Syntax:A Minimalist Introduction,Cambridge University PressnBorsley,R.1999,Syntactic Theory:A Unified Approach,ArnoldnRobert,D.,Van Valin,Jr.Randy J.
3、and LaPolla,Syntax,Cambridge University PressTopics for todaynWhat is syntax?nWhat are the goals of syntactic study?nHow to study syntax?nHow to evaluate a theory?nA brief history of syntax.Topic 1What is syntax?Levels of studies of languagenVarious Branches of LinguisticsnPhonetics and phonologynMo
4、rphologynSemanticsnPragmaticsnSociolinguisticsnPsycholinguisticsn.What Is Syntax?nSyntax:syntaxis:arrangement;setting out togethernMatthews(1982):the branch of grammar dealing with the ways in which words,with or without appropriate inflections,are arranged to show connections of meaning within a se
5、ntence.nWordsphrasesclausessentencestextDefinite and infinitenWords are formed to be sentences in accordance with rules and patterns.nWords are definite in number.nSentences are infinite in numbernSyntax deals with the relationship between definite and infinite.Syntax and grammarnGrammar=syntax+morp
6、hologynSyntax语法nTG GrammarnCase GrammarnLexical functional GrammarWhy Syntax Is Important?(1)nSound like a dry and boring area,however.nAt the heart of modern linguisticsnA good example:Chomskys(1957)Syntactic StructurenA new era of linguisticsnInfluential in almost every area of linguisticsnIt aims
7、 to solve the central problems of linguisticsnThe most important branch in which the most important achievements have been madeWhy Syntax Is Important?(2)nInterested in language acquisition?nMe doing it.(I am doing it.)nInterested in sociolinguistics?nThe boy done well.nInterested in psycholinguisti
8、cs?nWithout her contributions to the fund would be inadequate.nLanguage teaching?nComputer science?Topic 2Goals of syntactic studyThe Goals of LinguisticsnDescribing linguistic phenomenanExplaining linguistic phenomenanUnderstanding the cognitive basis of language Describing linguistic phenomenanBef
9、ore 1950s,discovering and refining the basic tools of linguistic descriptionnPhonemenMorphemenWhy importantnTo preserve the dying languagesnTo prepare for the explanationExplaining linguistic phenomenanOrigins in Noam Chomskys bookn1957,Syntactic StructurenWhat to be explained?nHow speakers use lang
10、uage in different social situations;nWhy human languages have the structure that they do;nWhat is common to all human languages;nWhy human languages vary structurally the way they do;nHow human languages change over time;nHow speakers produce and understand language in real time;nThe nature of nativ
11、e speakers knowledge of their language;nHow children learn languageUnderstanding the cognitive basis of languagenThe cognitive issues are the most important issues to be explainednProcessingnWhat cognitive processes are involved when human beings produce and understand language on line in real time?
12、nHow specialized to languages are these processes?nKnowledgenWhat constitutes knowledge of language?nHow is it organized?nHow does knowledge of language relate to knowledge in other cognitive domains?nAcquisitionnHow human beings come to have the knowledge of language?nWhat is the nature of the acqu
13、isition process?nDoes it involve knowledge from other cognitive domains?The goals of syntaxnTo develop a precise description of the various aspects of various languages(how a language combine words to form sentences)nTo develop a general theory of syntax(specifying what languages have in common and
14、how they are different,universal grammar)Can we separate the two goals easily?nNo.nDescription of individual languagesa theory of universal grammar?nSyntacticians are always concerned both with individual languages and with languages in general.nInvestigation of individual languages are always guide
15、d by ideas about what languages are like and how they should be described.How the goals relate to the goals of linguisticsnGoal 1:descriptionnGoal 2:universal grammarnDescriptionnExplanationnunderstandingLanguages can vary without limit?nJoos,M.(1957),Readings in LinguisticsnA basic philosophy:langu
16、ages do not vary without limit in their syntaxnAll sorts of situations that do not occur in languagesnAn example:There are no languages in which an interrogative is formed from a declarative by turning the declarative back to front.nThe boy ate the beefburger.nBeefburger the ate boy the?(*)One more
17、evidencenThere are no languages where an interrogative is formed from a declarative by moving the second word of the declarative to the front.nThe boy will be here.nBoy the will be here?(*)n他读了两本书。n读他了两本书?(*)Sometimes,things that were thought impossible do occur.nIn the 1970snObjectverbsubject or ob
18、jectsubject-verbnThe beefburger ate the boy.(*)nThe beefburger the boy ate.(*)n饭吃我。n饭,我吃。(?)nIn the late 1970s,Amazon basinTopic 3How to study syntax?Two basic types of theoriesnInductive and DeductivenInductive:datahypothesisnDeductive:hypothesisdatanBloomfield(1933:21):“the only valid linguistic g
19、eneralizations are inductive generalizations”nChomsky(1957):linguistics should be considered a deductive,rather than inductive,enterprise.nDatahypothesismore datarevised hypothesisLanguages?nThere is no sharp break between one language and another.nMiddle-Modern EnglishnChineseEnglishnSociopolitical
20、 criteria technical conceptThe main focus of linguisticsnI(internalized)-language:a set of rules and principles in the mind of a speaker.nLinguistic competence;knowledge of languagenMental lexicon:a set of words in the mind of a speaker How can we investigate an I-language?nWe can do this by investi
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