英语学术论文写作课件.ppt
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1、RESEARCH PAPER WRITINGZOEREQUIREMENTS:PAPER RELATEDTopic SelectingBackground ReadingNote TakingFocus StatementOutlineFirst DraftFinal DraftCLASS 1PICKING AN A+TOPICPART 1WHAT IS A RESEARCH PAPER?THE LENGTH OF A RESEARCH PAPERScholarly magazines or journalsvery short,3-5 pages in lengthPhD thesishund
2、reds of pagesRequired paper10-15 pages,20 pound space,4000-5000 wordsWHY IS LEARNING TO WRITE A RESEARCH PAPER IMPORTANT?The ability to do research and use it intelligently in writing is a basic tool of any educated person.In todays“knowledge economy”,more and more people are using research skills i
3、n their daily work.Understanding how to analyze,evaluate,criticize,combine,and draw conclusions from information sources is crucial to everyday decisions.PART 2FROM SUBJECT TO TOPICFOUR KEY ELEMENTSSUBJECTa very broad categorya general area of interestusually assigned by your teacherTOPICmore specif
4、ic focus within the general subjectdeveloped by the studentthe narrower,the betterdoes your research paper describe a topic area that can be covered adequately and interestingly in just 10-15 pages?QUESTIONthe best topics are build around intriguing questionsTHESISstates what you want to say about t
5、he topicyour conclusion based on your research and thoughta strong thesis can usually be stated in a single sentence the sentence that states your thesis may appear in your final paper MORE EXAMPLESSUBJECTWilliam Faulkner(1897-1962)TOPICThe repetition of certain nouns in the sound and the furyQUESTI
6、ONWhat is the function of repetition in the novel?THESISThe analysis shows that the repetition of certain nouns in the novel is expressive in that it gives emphasis or emotive heightening to the repeated meaning and theme,thus striking the reader as having some deliberate and unique artistic values
7、in the novel and reinforce the theme of the novel with an artistic touch.I.英语学术论文的性质英语学术论文是指用英语撰写的自然科学和社会科学的著英语学术论文是指用英语撰写的自然科学和社会科学的著作,既可指用于发表的科技论文和报告,也可指非正式发作,既可指用于发表的科技论文和报告,也可指非正式发表的实验报告和方案,各类科技情报和文字资料,科技使表的实验报告和方案,各类科技情报和文字资料,科技使用手册用手册;也包括大学本科生、研究生的也包括大学本科生、研究生的学期论文学期论文和和毕业论文毕业论文。学士论文的主要特点学士论文的
8、主要特点专业性专业性科科学学性性:选选题题合合理理,数数据据资资料料翔翔实实,结结论论正正确确,表表述述逻逻辑辑严严谨谨,方法科学方法科学学学术术性性 (理理论论性性):运运用用理理论论正正确确,具具备备论论文文的的论论点点,论论据据和和论论证证。围围绕绕论论文文主主论论题题,分分论论题题,中中心心论论点点筛筛选选论论据据,论论文文要要有有必必要要的的论论述述和和论论证证,能能合合理理地地引引经经据据典典,文文中中能能恰恰到到好好处处地地运运用用专专业理论和最新理论。业理论和最新理论。规范性规范性 (格式)(格式)创新性(要求较低)创新性(要求较低)评价学士论文的方法评价学士论文的方法1 1、
9、书面审阅。书面审阅。2 2、公开答辩。是评审学术论文价值的常见方式。可以集思广义,修改充实,、公开答辩。是评审学术论文价值的常见方式。可以集思广义,修改充实,提高论文质量。是在书面审阅后的一种答辩评价。一般侧重于:提高论文质量。是在书面审阅后的一种答辩评价。一般侧重于:1 1)论文中是否有阐述不清、重点不突出的;论文中是否有阐述不清、重点不突出的;2 2)论文中是否有重大遗漏、失误的;)论文中是否有重大遗漏、失误的;3 3)对论文涉及的创造性问题有无更充分的材料;)对论文涉及的创造性问题有无更充分的材料;4 4)论文涉及的学科范围内基础知识的深度、广度是否牢固。)论文涉及的学科范围内基础知识的
10、深度、广度是否牢固。LANGUAGE FEATURES1)1)词汇特色词汇特色 在在词词汇汇表表达达上上,英英语语学学术术论论文文用用词词规规范范、严严谨谨;多多倾倾向向于于使使用用正正式式语语体体的的词词语语,除除非非出出于于修修辞辞效效果果上上的的考考虑虑,一一般般不不用用俚俚、俗俗语语,力力求求给给人人以以持持重重感感,避避免免流流于于谐谐谑谑、轻轻诮诮;较较多多使使用用专专业业化化技技术术词词汇汇。为为摆摆脱脱句句子子冗冗长长、结结构构盘盘结结之之弊弊,学学术术英英语语重重简简明明、畅畅达达,重重条条理理性性、纪纪实实性性和和充充分分的的论论据据,它它强强调调论论理理的的客客观观性性,
11、不不主主张张作作者者表表露露个个人人的的感感情情,倡倡导导在在论论证证中中排排除除感感情情因因素素,尽尽其其“解解释释”而而非非“感感召召”之之功功能能,因因而而用用词词正正式式,多多使使用用中中性性词词、非非人人格格化化的的词词 1)1)使使用用词词的的完完整整形形式式,避避免免使使用用省省略略形形式式:使使用用DO DO NOT NOT 而而非非DONT;DONT;WILL WILL NOT NOT 而而非非WONT;WONT;IT IT IS IS/IT IT HASHAS而而非非ITSITS;THERE THERE IS IS 而而非非THERES;THERES;THEY THEY H
12、AVE HAVE 而非而非 THEYVE,THEYVE,等。等。2)2)使使用用正正式式或或标标准准词词,避避免免使使用用不不正正规规或或非非标标准准的的词词或或词词组组,诸诸如如口口语语、俚俚语语和和忌忌讳讳性性的的词词组组:用用CANNOT CANNOT TOLERATE TOLERATE IT IT 代代替替 CANT CANT HACK HACK IT;IT;用用I I DO DO NOT NOT HAVE HAVE ANY ANY IDEAIDEA代代替替 I I DONT DONT HAVE HAVE A A CLUE;CLUE;用用PLEASE PLEASE GO GO AWAY
13、 AWAY 代代替替 FLAKE OFF.FLAKE OFF.3)3)使使用用具具体体的的词词和和词词组组,避避免免使使用用模模糊糊或或不不确确切切的的术术语语:避避免免使使用用 BIT,BIT,THING,THING,STUFF STUFF 等词。等词。4)4)尽尽量量选选用用单单词词的的首首要要含含义义,避避免免利利用用单单词词不不常常见见、不不正正式式或或文文学学含含义义的的词词:例如:例如:A)A)表示原因时,避免使用具有较强时间含义的表示原因时,避免使用具有较强时间含义的“SINCE”SINCE”来代替来代替“BECAUSE”BECAUSE”。劣劣:Since Since solve
14、nt solvent reorganization reorganization is is a a potential potential contributor,contributor,the the selection selection of of data data is is very very important.important.优优:because because solvent solvent reorganization reorganization is is a a potential potential contributor,contributor,the th
15、e selection selection of of data data is is very very important.important.B)B)用用“AND”AND”或或“OR”OR”时含义要明确,避免用斜线符号(时含义要明确,避免用斜线符号(/)。)。劣:劣:hot/cold extremes will damage the samples.hot/cold extremes will damage the samples.优:优:hot and cold extremes will damage the samples.hot and cold extremes will da
16、mage the samples.215 5)避免使用双重否定表达法。避免使用双重否定表达法。如:如:劣:劣:this reaction is not uncommon.this reaction is not uncommon.优:优:this reaction is common;this reaction is common;或:或:this reaction is rare;this reaction is rare;或:或:this reaction occurs this reaction occurs about 40%of the time.about 40%of the ti
17、me.6 6)注意起修饰、限制作用单词的位置。注意起修饰、限制作用单词的位置。例如:例如:only the largest group was injected with the test compound.(only the largest group was injected with the test compound.(表示表示no other no other group).group).the largest group was injected with only the test compound.(the largest group was injected with onl
18、y the test compound.(表示表示no other no other compounds).compounds).the largest group was only injected with the test compound.(the largest group was only injected with the test compound.(表示表示not give the not give the compound in any other way).compound in any other way).the largest group was injected
19、with the only test compound.(the largest group was injected with the only test compound.(表示表示no other test no other test compounds)compounds)2023/2/1922 7)7)常常用用词词汇汇专专业业化化 (PROFESSIONALIZED PROFESSIONALIZED TERMSTERMS)学学术术写写作作的的用用词词具具有有高高度度术术语语性性,其其专专业业术术语语多多来来源源于于拉拉丁丁语语和和希希腊腊语语。他他们们的的意意义义比比较较稳稳定定,利
20、利于于精精确确地地表达概念。表达概念。2023/2/19249)9)使用非人格化的词使用非人格化的词 (depersonalizationdepersonalization)在学术写作中,作者一般都极力避免在表达一种意见或观点时带有个人色彩,而在学术写作中,作者一般都极力避免在表达一种意见或观点时带有个人色彩,而尽量使用非人格化的词汇。尽量使用非人格化的词汇。例如:例如:it can be seen that,it can be seen that,而不使用而不使用 you can see thatyou can see thatit is commonly believed that,it
21、is commonly believed that,而不使用而不使用 I believeI believe其它表达如:其它表达如:it is argued;it is found through research/research has found/it is argued;it is found through research/research has found/studies have revealed;it is estimated;it is contended,studies have revealed;it is estimated;it is contended,等等。等等
22、。2)2)句法特色句法特色 学学术术论论文文句句子子结结构构较较复复杂杂,句句型型变变化化及及扩扩展展样样式式多多。文文章章的的逻逻辑辑性性较较强强,具具体体现在:体体现在:动动词词一一般般现现在在时时和和被被动动态态的的出出现现频频率率较较高高,多多使使用用陈陈述述句句和和复复杂杂句句,一一般般不不使使用用祈祈使使句句、反反意意问问句句和和感感叹叹句句;很很少少使使用用夸夸张张、拟拟人人、借借代代、比比喻喻等等修修辞辞手手段段。多多数数使使用用完完全全句句,很很少少使使用用省省略略句句。较较多多地地使使用用形形式式主主语语ITIT引引导导的的句句式式和和用用THAT THAT 引引导导的的主
23、主语语从从句句;较较多多使使用用非非谓谓语语动动词词形形式式。另另外外,主主从从复复合句、同位语、插入语地使用频率也较高合句、同位语、插入语地使用频率也较高 1.1.复杂句和长句复杂句和长句(complex sentences)(complex sentences)有时,论文写作中被描述的问题较复杂,需要使用复合句来清楚地表达,因此,各有时,论文写作中被描述的问题较复杂,需要使用复合句来清楚地表达,因此,各类复合句和长句在学术论文中出现的频率也较高。例如:类复合句和长句在学术论文中出现的频率也较高。例如:Debt Debt is is distinguishable distinguishab
24、le from from the the above above two two categories,categories,which which together together comprise comprise“equity”,“equity”,in in that that the the corporation corporation must must repay repay the the debt debt holders holders contribution contribution within within a a certain certain time tim
25、e and and debt debt holders holders are are entitled entitled to to regular regular payment payment of of fixed fixed interest rather than to such dividends as the directors may declare.interest rather than to such dividends as the directors may declare.句中句中whichwhich引起的非限制性定语从句引起的非限制性定语从句,in that,i
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