Lesson科技翻译英译汉.pptx
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1、Contents 1.Features of scientific and technological English,its translation steps and criteria2.Corresponding translation skills-2.1 Choosing words meanings-2.2 Conversion of part of speech-2.3 Conversion of voices-2.4 Conversion of sentence patterns-2.5 Long sentences translation3.Summery,practice,
2、and homework第1页/共65页1.Features of Scientific and Technological EnglishScientific English vs.General English 语音:等同,读音规则和发音方法无变化;词汇:基本词汇是普通英语中固有的,高含大量的专业技术词汇和术语;语法:遵循普通英语的法则,无独立的词法和句法系统。大量使用了名词化结构、被动语态、非谓语动词、和从句和结构复杂的长句。第2页/共65页1.Features of Scientific and Technological English名词化结构多大量使用被动结构:有助于将事物、过程
3、和结果置于中心地位;表述相对客观的内容;紧凑、简短,表达准确、严谨和精炼。广泛使用非谓语动词后置定语多定语从句多长句、结构复杂第3页/共65页Translation Steps通读原文,了解大意;辨明语法关系,搞清逻辑关系;根据主题确定词义;选择翻译技巧;通读译文,修改定稿Evaluation Criteria忠实原文条理通顺第4页/共65页2.Corresponding translation skills-2.1 Choosing words meanings-2.2 Conversion of part of speech-2.3 Conversion of voices-2.4 Con
4、version of sentence patterns-2.5 Long sentences translation第5页/共65页62.2 词义的选择和引申词义的选择和引申 正确选择词义是保证译文质量的中心问题。英汉两种语言在词义方面存在着很大的差异,一般来说,英语词义比较灵活多变,词的涵义范围比较宽,词义对上下文的依赖性比较大。而且英语中一词多用、一词多义、一词多类的现象相当普遍。英汉词义方面的这些差异,必然给翻译带来一定的困难。第6页/共65页7英语有些词在作为不同词类有不同的意义,如backback作副词:作形容词:回来回来过期的过期的作名词:作动词:背部背部支持支持所以选择词义时,
5、首先要判明一个词在原句中属哪个词类,再进一步确定词义,现以like为例。第7页/共65页8Like charges repel,unlike charges attract.同性电荷相斥,异性电荷相吸。In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold.adj,“相同的”在射入窗内的阳光里,细微的尘埃像金子一般在闪闪发亮。Prep,“像”It is the atoms that make up iron,water,oxygen and the like.正是原子构成
6、了铁、水、氧等类物质。Noun,“相同之物”第8页/共65页9He likes making experiments in chemistry.他喜欢做化学实验。Verb,“喜欢”Waves in water move like the waveform moves along a rope.波在水中移动象波形沿着绳子移动一样。Conj,“象,如”一个名词有多种意义时,往往是分别适用于不同的学科和专业,因此,对多义词要注意第9页/共65页10辨认词的一般意义和专业意义,以及它们在各种不同学科里的不同译法。例如,eye一般作“眼睛”解,但在不同专业里却有不同的意义,如inspection eye
7、,observers eye television eye检查孔观测镜(工业)电视摄像机再如:base在下列各句中具有不同的意义。The lathe should be set on a firm base.车床应安装在坚实的底座上。第10页/共65页11As we all know,a base reacts with an acid to form a salt.众所周知,碱与酸起反应生成盐。A transistor has three electrodes,the emitter,the base and the collector.晶体管有三个电极,即发射极、基极和集电极。Line A
8、B is the base of the triangle ABC.AB线是三角形ABC的底边。Mathematics is the baseof all other sciences,and arithmetic,the science of numbers,is the base of mathematics.数学是所有其它科学的基础,而算术,即数的科学,则是数学的基础。第11页/共65页12词的引申词的引申所谓词的引申,指的是在一个词所具有的基本词义的基础上,进一步加以引申,选择比较恰当的汉语词来表达,使原文的思想表现得更加准确,译文更加顺畅。如heavy的基本词义是“重”,heavy
9、currentheavy trafficheavy industry强电流交通拥挤重工业heavy rain大雨heavy frog浓雾第12页/共65页13The study of the brain is one of the last frontiers of human knowledge.对大脑的研究是人类知识的最新领域之一。(不译“最后的边疆”)The beauty of lasers is that they can do machining without ever physically touching the material.激光的妙处就在于它能进行机械加工而不必实际接触
10、加工材料。(不译“美丽”)There are three steps which must be taken before we graduate from the integrated circuit technology.我们要完全掌握集成电路,还必须经过三个阶段。(不译“毕业于”)第13页/共65页14练习:1.This is the whole round of knowledge.2.In this case,a magnetic field will be built up round the coil.3.He is a valuable acquisition to the t
11、eam.4.The shortest distance between raw material and a finished part is casting.5.If iron is kept moist,rusting is rapid,which might lead us to think that water was the influence causing corrosion.第14页/共65页152.2 词类的转换词类的转换科技英语中大量使用名词化结构,而汉语中动词用得多。再如汉语中没有冠词、关系代词、关系副词、分词、不定式、动名词等,翻译时上述词就要予以转换处理。第15页/共
12、65页2.2 Conversion of part of speech词类转换Tips:Tips:Nouns Nouns 动词、形容词、副词Verbs Verbs 名词、形容词Adjectives Adjectives 名词、动词、副词Adverbs Adverbs 名词、动词、形容词Prepositions Prepositions 名词、动词、副词第16页/共65页17一、转换成汉语动词一、转换成汉语动词 A change of state from a solid to a liquid form requires heat energy.从固态变为液态需要热能。Light from t
13、he sun is a mixture of light of many different colors.太阳光是由许多不同颜色的光混合成的。第17页/共65页182.英语的介词使用得特别多,在很多的情况下,尤其是构成状语时,往往译成汉语的动词。A force is needed to move an object against inertia.为使物体克服惯性而运动,就需要一个力。Modern industry would be out of the question without iron and steel.没有钢铁,就谈不上现代化工业。When the switch is off
14、,the circuit is open and electricity doesnt go through.当开关断开时,电路就形成开路,电流不能通过。In this case the temperature in the furnace is up.在这种情况下,炉温就升高。第18页/共65页191.某些英语动词的概念难以直接用汉语的动词表达,翻译时可转换成名词。二、转换成汉语名词二、转换成汉语名词Such materials are characterized by good insulation and high resistance to wear.这些材料的特点是:绝缘性好,耐磨性
15、好。If a box weighs 10 kilograms,an upward force of 10 kilograms must be exerted to lift it.假定箱子的重量是10公斤,就必须施加10公斤向上的力才能把它举起来。第19页/共65页202.某些表示事物特征的形容词作表语时可转译成名词,其后往往加上“性”、“度”、等。This workpiece is not more elastic than that one.这个工件不比那个工件更有弹性。Glass is much more soluble than quartz.玻璃的可溶性比石英大得多。3.英语中大量使
16、用代词,汉语则不然;为了使概念清楚,符合汉语的表达习惯,可将代词译成所代替的名词。The friction of the bearings causes them and the lubricant which is circulating through them to warm up.轴承的摩擦使轴承和流通于轴承间的润滑油发热。Radio waves are similar to light waves except their wave-length is much greater.无线电波与光波相似,但无线电波的波长要长得多。第20页/共65页214.某些副词转译成名词使译文更加顺畅E
17、lectromagnetic waves travel as fast as light.电磁波传播的速度和光一样。The instrument is used to determine how fully the batteries are charged.这种仪表用来确定电瓶充电的程度。三、转换成形容词三、转换成形容词四、转换成副词四、转换成副词第21页/共65页22练习:1.The earth is shaped like a ball.2.This steam engine is only about 15 percent efficient.3.A continuous increa
18、se in the temperature of a gas confined in a container will lead to a continuous increase in the internal pressure within the gas.4.The oil tank has a capacity of 50 litres.5.This machine tool is good in quality and small in size.6.In any machine,input work equals output work plus work done against
19、friction.7.Numerous materials are available to todays designers.8.For nearly all substances the density gets smaller as the temperature is raised.第22页/共65页232.3 被动语态的译法被动语态的译法 英语和汉语都有被动语态,但两种文字对被动语语态的运用却不尽相同。同一个意思,英语习惯用被动语态表达,汉语却往往要用主动语态。英译汉时,必须注意被动语态的译法,不要过分拘泥于原文的被动结构,而要根据汉语的习惯,做灵活多样的处理。第23页/共65页Pa
20、ssive Voice Translation主语不变,通过加词(加以、经过)表达被动含义;These characteristics are listed in Table 2-1 and described here.这些特性列在表2-1中,并且加以解释:2.泛指词(人们、大家)作主语,原主语译为宾语;It is believed thatIt is considered that3.原文宾语作主语,原主语译为宾语;第24页/共65页4.翻译成汉语无主句So far,four members of the Power PC family have been introduced.目前,已经
21、推出了4种Power PC系列的产品。5.翻译成带表语的判断句This surrogate(代用品,代表)program is referred to as a benchmark program,since it is used as a standard reference for comparing performance results.这种代用程序叫做基准程序,因为它是用作比较最后性能的参考标准。6.译为含有被动含义的主动句7.译为汉语被动句,用“被”、“为所”、“使”、“由”等表示被动含义。第25页/共65页262.2.增译泛指主语:增译泛指主语:原句中未包含动作的发出者,译成主动
22、句时可从逻辑主语出发,适当增添不确定主语,如“人们”、“大家”、“我们”等。Salt is known to have a very strong corroding effect on metals.大家知道,盐对金属有很强的腐蚀作用。Magnesium is found to be the best material for making flash light.人们发现,镁是制造闪光灯的最好材料。第26页/共65页27汉语句的无主句与英语相比是一种独特的句型。英语的许多被动句不需要或无法讲出动作的发出者,因此往往可译成汉语的无主句,而把原句中的主语译成宾语。Attention has b
23、een paid to the new measures to prevent corrosion.已经注意到采取新的防腐措施。In the watch making industry,the tradition of high precision engineering must be kept.在钟表制造业中,必须保持高精度工艺的传统。4.汉语的无主句第27页/共65页285.译成带表语的判断句译成带表语的判断句 凡是着重描述事物的过程、性质和状态的英语被动句,与系表结构相近,往往可译成“是的”结构。The volume is not measured in square millimet
24、ers.It is measured in cubic millimeters.体积不是以平方毫米计量的。它是以立方毫米计量的。The first explosive in the world was made in China.世界上最早的炸药是在中国制造的。第28页/共65页29 当英语被动句中的主语为无生命的名词,又不出现由介词by引导的行为主体时,往往可译成汉语的主动句,原句的主语在译文中仍为主语。6.译成汉语的主动句译成汉语的主动句1.原主语仍译为主语(省略被字的被动句)Sand casting is used to make large parts.砂型铸造用于制造大型零件。Mat
25、erials may be grouped in several ways.材料可以按几种方式分类。第29页/共65页302.把原主语译成宾语,而把行为主体或相当于行为主体的介词宾语译成主语把原主语译成宾语,而把行为主体或相当于行为主体的介词宾语译成主语 Friction can be reduced and the life of the machine prolonged by lubrication.润滑能减少摩擦,延长机器寿命。A new kind of magnifying glass is being made in that factory.那个工厂正在制造一种新的放大镜。第30
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