eChapter 实用学习教程.pptx
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1、Contents in this chapterThe imaging properties and features of the mirror and prism systemsThe imaging directions of prism systemsThe conjunction of mirror and prism systems 第1页/共108页4.1 Applications of Mirror and Prism Systems in Optical InstrumentsProperties of coaxial spherical systems:Advantages
2、:a)Be able to form the image of an object as required b)Images in paraxial region are perfect c)While the object plane is normal to the axis,the image plane will be also normal to the axis,and the image is similar to the object.Defects:Can not change directions object,optical system,image locate on
3、a common line第2页/共108页Applications of the mirror and prism systems:a)They can be used to reduce the dimension and weight of an instrument.b)They can be used to change the direction of the image,or make the image inverted.c)They can be used to change the location and direction of the axis,producing a
4、 certain periscope height or tilting the axis for an angle.d)With the help of rotating the prism and mirror,the direction of the axis can be changed continuously,enlarging the field of view.第3页/共108页ExamlesExamles第4页/共108页ExamplesExamples名称特性图例平面反射镜具有折转光路的作用,可用于成像、激光和全息系统。曲面反射镜表面可为球面或非球面。具有聚焦和会聚光的作用
5、。可用在光的发射和接受、激光和光纤系统中,也可以和其它反射镜组合形成成像系统。柱面反射镜具有单一方向聚光和聚焦的作用。可用来产生线光源,或单方向扩束和放大图像。第5页/共108页4.2 Imaging properties of mirrorsPAONBDAIIOBpoint A is imaged at point AWe can take incident ray AO from point O arbitrarily;The incident AO is arbitrary,the equation has no relationship with the location of poi
6、nt O.All of the extending rays of the reflected ray from point A will meet at one common point A.1.Imaging of an arbitrary point through a single mirror第6页/共108页 PODOAAConclusion:a)The image and object points are symmetrical to the mirror.b)The height of the image is equal to that of the object.c)A
7、real object forms a virtual image,and a virtual object forms a real image.d)A single plane mirror can form ideal images.Is the image similar to the object?第7页/共108页2 Image of object in space reflected by a single mirrorPxyzo y z x oa)The size of the image is equal to that of the object but in differ
8、ent orientation.b)The right hand coordinates in object space will be changed to left hand coordinates in image space.c)Facing directly to axes z and z separately,when x rotates anticlockwise we can see that x will rotate clockwise.The image satisfying this relationship between the object and image s
9、paces is called mirror image.第8页/共108页Summery:a)A single plane mirror can image any object points ideally in the whole space.b)The image and object points are symmetrical to the mirror.c)The size of the image is equal to that of the object.d)Forming a mirror image,the image formed by a plane mirror
10、is not similar to the object.第9页/共108页3 Imaging properties of mirrors systemlForming ideal imageslAn image formed by odd mirrors will be a mirror image and by even mirrors will be one same as the object.Attentions:1.The erected or inverted image has no relationship with the mirror image;2.The object
11、 and the mirror image have different shape,and they are not similar.Generally speaking,we always expect the image is similar to the object,especially in the systems used in military.第10页/共108页4.3 Rotation of MirrorsPNOABIINBConclusion:The reflected angle will be 2 if the mirror rotates 2(I+)-2I=21.R
12、otation of single mirror第11页/共108页Advantage:Enlarging the range observedDefect:Errors caused by rotationExample:The plane mirror in Range Finder1.Rotation of single mirror第12页/共108页2.Rotation of two mirrorsP1P2AO1O2MBI I1I I2 2In triangle O1O2M,N the normals of two mirrors meet at point N,In triangl
13、eO1O2N,according to the principle of external angle,The angle between the incident and the reflected rays is twice of the angle of two mirrors.第13页/共108页2.Rotation of two mirrorsP1P2AO1O2MBI1I2 The rotation direction will coincide with that of rotation from P1 to P2 according to the order of reflect
14、ions on two mirrors.N The rotated angle of the emergent ray will be equal to twice angle of the two mirrors,regardless of the incident rays direction.Application:We can use two mirrors in place of the single mirror in Range Finder.angle mirror,prism.第14页/共108页第15页/共108页4.4 Prism and Its Unfolding 1.
15、Advantages and defects of prisms Prism:Optical element which can make use of the reflection in glass to change the direction of raysAdvantages:The loss of energy is small.Its hard to break.It is easy to assemble and fix.Defects:Its volume and weight are larger.It has strict requirements for material
16、.It is influenced by circumstance greatly.第16页/共108页2.Unfolding of the prismmethod of studying the imaging properties of prismsRight-angle Prism Main section:The plane or section which is perpendicular to each prism.第17页/共108页 The method,unfolding the main section of prism along the reflective surfa
17、ce and canceling the reflection and replacing prisms refractions by glass blocks refractions,is called prism unfolding.123From Law of reflection,we can get:From the symmetricalrelationship,we can get:So,we can get:第18页/共108页3.The requirements for prisms(1)After unfolding a prism,the two faces of the
18、 glass block must be parallel to each other.第19页/共108页(2)When a prism locates in converging rays,the axis must be perpendicular to both incident and emergent surfaces.第20页/共108页4.Typical examples of unfolding prismsa.Right-angle PrismLocating in parallel raysABCAWhen the prism works in parallel rays
19、 the two faces of the glass block unfolded by the prism must be parallel to each other,then,AB/ACAnd then,第21页/共108页4.Typical examples of unfolding prismsa.Right-angle PrismLocating in parallel raysABCA Face AB needs to be parallel to face AC,then ABC=ACB So the prism needs ABC=ACBThat means triangl
20、e ABC must be an isosceles triangle but B and C do not need to equal 45,or A does not need to be a right angle.第22页/共108页When a prism locates in converging rays,both the first and the second surfaces should be perpendicular to the axis.ABCAWhen the axis of this prism is deviated through axis 90:第23页
21、/共108页When deviating the axis through any angleBCA If we want the ray to deviate ,then the reflective surface must deviate the axisThis kind of prism is called Isosceles prism.If we need the axis of this prism be deviated 45,then,第24页/共108页2.Penta Prism第25页/共108页第26页/共108页3.Boot Prism45o60第27页/共108页
22、4.Cube PrismABCIIEaDSuppose the index of the prism is n,then the refraction angle I isFrom the figure we can see that the diameter D of the rays is:第28页/共108页4.Cube PrismABCIIEaDwe get:If the glass is K9(or BK7),then n=1.5163,we can get:第29页/共108页 In order to enlarge the diameter of the rays,or to r
23、educe the size of the Dove prism for a given diameter of the rays,two Dove prisms can be cemented hypotenuse to hypotenuse which can form the Cube prism.第30页/共108页Attentions to use Cube PrismlA bundle of rays will be divided into two bundles of rays after entering the prism,then they will be merged
24、together to one bundle of ray after passing through the prism.So the hypotenuses of the two Dove prisms must be parallel to each other precisely to avoid producing two separated images.lIf the entrance pupil of the rays is circular,the exit pupil of the rays will be divides into two reversed half ci
25、rcles.So the cube prism cannot work in circular rays.lSince the incident and emergent faces are not normal to the axis,the Cube prism can only be used in parallel light rays.第31页/共108页11223443第32页/共108页4.5 Roof Surfaces and Roof prismsRoof surfaces:Using two right angle surfaces to replace one refle
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