高中英语语法教案大全及配套练习.doc
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1、高中英语语法教案大全及配套练习1. 名词 名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词,专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类: 1)个体名词:表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。 2)集体名词:表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。 3)物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。 4)抽象名词:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。 个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词,物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词。
2、归纳一下,名词的分类可以下图表示: 名词 专有名词 不可数名词 普通名词 物质名词 抽象名词 集体名词 可数名词 个体名词 1.1 名词复数的规则变化 情况 构成方法 读音 例词 一般情况 加 -s 清辅音后读/s/ map-maps 浊辅音和元音后读 /z/ bag-bags /car-cars 以s, sh, ch, x等结尾 加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses/ watch-watches 以ce, se, ze,等结尾 加 -s 读 /iz/ license-licenses 以辅音字母+y结尾 变y 为i再加es 读 /z/ baby-babies 1.2 其它名词复数的规
3、则变化 1) 以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数。例如: two Marys the Henrys monkey-monkeys holiday-holidays 2) 以o 结尾的名词,变复数时: a. 加s,如: photo-photos piano-pianos radio-radios zoo-zoos; b. 加es,如:potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes c. 上述a和b两种方法均可,如zero-zeros / zeroes。 3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时: a. 加s,如: belief-beliefs ro
4、of-roofs safe-safes gulf-gulfs; b. 去f,fe 加ves,如:half-halves knife-knivesleaf-leaves wolf-wolves wife-wives life-lives thief-thieves; c. 上述a和b两种方法均可,如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves。 1.3 名词复数的不规则变化 1) child-children foot-feet tooth-teeth mouse-mice man-men woman-women 注意:由一个词加 man 或 woma
5、n构成的合成词,其复数形式也是 -men 和-women,如an Englishman,two Englishmen。但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans。 2) 单复同形,如deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese ,li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin等。但除人民币的元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。 3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。例如: peoplep
6、olicecattle 等本身就是复数,不能说 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说a person,a policeman,a head of cattle, the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用,如The Chinese are industries and brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。 4) 以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如: a. maths,politics,physics等学科名词,一般是不可数名词,为单数。 b. ne
7、ws 为不可数名词。 c. the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。 The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。 d. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。例如: The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book. 一千零一夜是一本非常有趣的故事书。 5) 表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses (眼镜)trousers,clothes等,若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair(对,双);suit(套
8、); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。 6) 另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼。 1.4 不可数名词量的表示 1)物质名词 a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数。 比较:Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数) These cakes are sweet.这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数) b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,可数。例如: This factory produces steel.(不可数) We need various s
9、teels.(可数) c. 当物质名词表示份数时,可数。例如: Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。 Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。 2) 抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数。例如: four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四个现代化 物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量,如a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice一则建议。 5. 定语名词的复数 名词作定语一般用单数,但也有以下例外。 1) 用复数作定语。例如: sports meeting 运动
10、会 students reading-room 学生阅览室 talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系 2) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。例如: men workerswomen teachersgentlemen officials 3) 有些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留。例如: goods train (货车) arms produce武器生产 customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush 衣刷 4) 数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单
11、数形式。例如: two-dozen eggs两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路 two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan.一个五年计划 1.6 不同国籍人的单复数 国籍 总称(谓语用复数) 单数 复数 中国人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese 瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss 澳大利亚人 the Australians an Australian two Australians 俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians 意大利人 the I
12、talians an Italian two Italians 希腊人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks 法国人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen 日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese 美国人 the Americans an American two Americans 印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians 加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians 德国人 the Germans a Germans t
13、wo Germans 英国人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen 瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes 1.7 名词的格 英语中有些名词可以加s来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:a teachers book。名词所有格的规则如下: 1) 单数名词词尾加s,复数名词词尾没有s,也要加s,如the boys bag 男孩的书包,mens room 男厕所。 2) 若名词已有复数词尾-s ,只加 ,如:the workers struggle工人的斗争。 3) 凡不能加s的名词,都可以用名词+o
14、f +名词的结构来表示所有关系,如:the title of the song 歌的名字。 4) 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如:the barbers 理发店。 5) 如果两个名词并列,并且分别有s,则表示分别有;只有一个s,则表示共有。例如: Johns and Marys rooms(两间)John and Marys room(一间) 6) 复合名词或短语,s 加在最后一个词的词尾。例如:a month or twos absence 1.8 练习 1. He was eager to make some extra money, si
15、nce during these years he could hardly live on his_. a little wage b. few wage c. wage d. wages 2. Most of the houses in the village were burnt to _ during the war. a. an ash b. the ash c. ash d. ashes 3. The students at colleges or universities are making _ for the coming New Year. a.many preparati
16、ons b. much preparation c. preparations d. preparation 4. Painting in _ is one of their spare-time activities. a. oil b. an oil c. oils d. the oil 5. In the view of the foreign experts, there wasnt _ oil here. a. much b. lots of c. a great deal of d. many 6. The large houses are being painted, but _
17、. a. of great expense b. at a great expense c. in a lot of expenses d. by high expense 7. The room was small and contained far too _. a.much new furniture c. much new furnitures b.many new furniture d. many new furnitures 8. Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of t
18、he _. a. rooms number b. room number c. rooms numbers d. room numbers 9.Computers can do _ work in a short time, but a man can not do _ by himself. a great manymany c. mucha great deal b. a great deal ofmuch d. manya great many 10. She didnt know _ he had been given. a. how many information c. how m
19、any informations b. the number of information d. how much information 11. He invited all of his _ to join his wedding party. a. comrade-in-arms c. comrades-in-arm b. comrades-in-arms d. comrade-in-arm 12. All the _ in the hospital got a rise last month. a. women doctors c. woman doctors b. women doc
20、tor d. woman doctor 13.After ten years, all these youngsters became_. a. growns-ups c. growns-up b. grown-up d. grown-ups 14.The police investigated those _ about the accident. a. stander-by c. standers-by b. stander-bys d. standers-bys 15.The Nazi kept those _ in their concentration camp. a.prisone
21、r-of-wars c. prisoners-of-war b.prisoners-of-wars d. prisoner-of-war 16.The manager was greatly appreciate that _ made by Linda lately. a. new reel b. news reel c. new-reels d. news reels 17.Marys dress is similar in appearance to her _. a. elder sister b. elder sisters c. elder sisters d. elder sis
22、ters dress 18.All the people at the conference are _. a. mathematic teachers c. mathematics teacher b.mathematics teachers d. mathematics teachers 19.Professor Mackay told us that _ of lead are its softness and its resistance. a. some property c. properties b. some properties d. property 20.Physics
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