(7.6)--Novel Magnesium Alloys Developed机械工程材料机械工程材料.pdf
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1、Novel Magnesium Alloys Developed for Biomedical Application:A ReviewNan Li,Yufeng Zheng*State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex System and Department of Materials Science and Engineering,College of Engineering,Peking University,Beijing 100871,ChinaManuscript received November 11,2012,in revi
2、sed form December 25,2012,Available online 9 February 2013There is an increasing interest in the development of magnesium alloys both for industrial and biomedicalapplications.Industrial interest in magnesium alloys is based on strong demand of weight reduction oftransportation vehicles for better f
3、uel efficiency,so higher strength,and better ductility and corrosionresistance are required.Nevertheless,biomedical magnesium alloys require appropriate mechanical properties,suitable degradation rate in physiological environment,and what is most important,biosafety to human body.Rather than simply
4、apply commercial magnesium alloys to biomedical field,new alloys should be designedfrom the point of view of nutriology and toxicology.This article provides a review of state-of-the-art ofmagnesium alloy implants and devices for orthopedic,cardiovascular and tissue engineering applications.Advances
5、in new alloy design,novel structure design and surface modification are overviewed.The factorsthat influence the corrosion behavior of magnesium alloys are discussed and the strategy in the futuredevelopment of biomedical magnesium alloys is proposed.KEY WORDS:Biomaterials;Magnesium alloys;Biodegrad
6、ation;Mechanical property;Biocompatibility1.IntroductionMagnesium alloys for biomedical applications are in spotlightrecently.They have advantages over traditional metallic mate-rials,ceramics and biodegradable polymers.For mechanicalproperties,metals are more suitable for load-bearing applicationsc
7、ompared with ceramics or polymer because of their high me-chanical strength as well as high fracture toughness.The den-sities of magnesium(1.738 g/cm3)and magnesium alloys(1.75e1.85 g/cm3)are very similar to that of human cortical bone(1.75 g/cm3),while the density of biomedical titanium alloyTi6Al4
8、V is 4.47 g/cm31.For biocompatibility,magnesium ionsare present in large amount in the human body and involved inmany metabolic reactions and biological mechanisms.The hu-man body usually contains magnesium approximately 35 g per70 kg body weight and the daily demand for magnesium is about375 mg2.Ma
9、gnesium alloys are promising candidates for or-thopedicandcardiovascularimplantsandhaveattractedincreasing attention since there is no requirement for a secondaryremoval surgery.Potential of commercial magnesium alloys as biodegradableimplant materials were evaluated.Witte et al.3investigatedin vivo
10、 corrosion of 4 magnesium alloys and found that thecorrosion layer of all the alloys displayed an accumulation ofbiological calcium phosphates and all alloys increased the newlyformed bone compared to the polymer.According to this study,LAE442 exhibited the lowest corrosion rate,while AZ31,AZ91and W
11、E43 were found to degrade at similar rates3.Gao et al.4reported that ZK60 alloy lost 3.1%of its original mass afterProf.Yufeng Zhengs research is concerned with development of new kind of biomedical metallic materials,includingbiodegradable magnesium alloys and iron-based alloys,b-Ti alloys with low
12、 elastic modulus,nickel-free Ti-based shapememory alloys,nanocrystalline metals and alloys and bulk metallic glasses,and their medical devices in dentistry,or-thopedics and interventional therapy.He has published over 230 SCI journal papers since 1998,with the citation of over3100 times and h-index
13、of 26.He edited 7 books and book chapters,and owned 27 Chinese Invention Patents.He wasgranted with over 30 projects including the National Basic Research Program of China and the National Science Fund forDistinguished Young Scholars.He served as a member of the editorial board of Journal of Biomedi
14、cal Materials ResearchPart B-Applied Biomaterials(Wiley),the associate editor board of Materials Letters(Elsevier),the editor board of Journalof Materials Science&Technology(Elsevier)and Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters)(Springer).*Corresponding author.Prof.,Ph.D.;Tel./Fax:86 10 62767411;E-m
15、ail address:(Y.Zheng).1005-0302/$e see front matter Copyright?2013,The editorial office ofJournal of Materials Science&Technology.Published by ElsevierLimited.All rights reserved.http:/dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2013.02.005Available online at SciVerse ScienceDirectJ.Mater.Sci.Technol.,2013,29(6),489e
16、502soaking in a simulated body fluid(SBF)for 242 h,while themass loss of Mge5.6Zne0.55Zre0.9Y alloy was merely 1.7%,indicating that the addition of the alloying element Y improvesthe corrosion resistance of ZK60 alloy.Heublein et al.5implanted 20 AE21 stents into coronary arteries of 11 domes-tic pi
17、gs.The main limit of the AE21 stents was that theirdegradation occurred faster than expected as the loss of me-chanical integrity occurred between 35 and 56 days after im-plantation.Then Mario et al.6and Peeters et al.7reported theresults of animal experiment and first clinical study of LektonMagic
18、coronary stent(Biotronik,Bulach,Switzerland)madefrom WE43 magnesium alloy,respectively.Based on this LektonMagic coronary stent,Biotronik Company developed 3 genera-tions of absorbable metal stent(AMS):(1)Studies on clinicalimplantation of 71 AMS-1 magnesium stents in the coronaryarteries of 63 pati
19、ents showed that the AMS stents can achievean immediate angiographic result similar to that of other metalstents,and can be safely degraded after 4 months8;(2)AMS-2with new alloy design and stent design maintains longer stentintegrity in animal;(3)AMS-3 stent is a Mg alloy stent coatedwith a fast-de
20、gradable polymer carrier with an anti-proliferativedrug.The first animal trial in porcine model showed promisingresults in terms of safety and efficacy compared to bare AMS Mgstent9.Although commercial magnesium alloys containing aluminumand/or rare earth elements exhibit good mechanical propertiesa
21、nd corrosion resistance,they are not suitable for biomedicalapplications in consideration of toxicity.Aluminum is wellknown as a neurotoxicant.The accumulation of Al has beensuggested to be associated with various neurological disor-ders10.Severe hepatotoxicity has been detected after theadministrat
22、ion of cerium,praseodymium and yttrium11.Toguarantee the biosafety of biodegradable materials,researchershave developed new type of magnesium alloys,choosingelement with no toxicity or low toxicity as alloying elements.This article reviews the progress and development onbiomedical magnesium alloys,m
23、ainly on pure Mg,MgeCa-based,MgeZn-based,MgeSi-based,MgeSr-based and MgeRE-based alloys.We also discussed novel structure design andsurface modification,and proposed the unsolved scientificproblems for the future development of biodegradable magne-sium alloys.2.Purification and Alloying Design of Ma
24、gnesium forBiomedical ApplicationPurificationandalloyingaretwostrategiestoobtainmagnesium-based biomaterials with proper properties.Mechan-ical properties of currently investigated biodegradable magne-sium and magnesium alloys are shown in Fig.1.Fig.2 showstheir corrosion rate and hydrogen evolution
25、 rate.Hemolysis rateand effect of magnesium alloy extract on cell viability aresummarized in Fig.3 and Table 1,respectively.2.1.Pure MgDue to the high chemical activity of magnesium,any of thealloying elements or impurities in its pure form or intermetallicphase will increase the galvanic corrosion
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